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• W24299723 abstract "Several dynamic factors molded African American life in antebellum Chicago, 1833-1860, their collective influences resulting in the first phase of sustained community life. First, constant, salutary demographic changes affected African Americans, influencing them individually, in the aggregate, in family formation, and in their residency patterns. Second, a complex, multifaceted ethos governing internal dynamics authenticated a unique side of life existing within an incipient, heterogeneous African American population.1 The ensuing cultural base turned healthy population growth into vital institutional development. Third, pervasive white societal constraints kept the lives of blacks in a state of perpetual flux in this fledgling frontier setting, but at no time were they so overwhelming that they could stymie the indomitable spirit of African Americans to end their existence under racial proscription immediately and in bondage eventually.2 Overall, the significance of these local experiences gains from a constant exploration of the position they held comparatively on the national scene. This first of a two-part essay examines demographic and community formation. The Demography of A People The statistical base for the demographic profile of Black Chicago during the antebellum period originates from three census sources-the U.S. censuses of 1840, 1850 and 1860, the Illinois state census of 1845, and the Chicago city censuses of 1837, 1843 and 1848. Complementing these numerical data are narratives, chronicles, and remembrances that give a social dimension to the lives of the people involved. In pre-Civil War Chicago of the 1830s, a small group of persons of West African descent, never amounting to more than one to two per cent of the fledgling frontier town's total population, struggled initially to maintain their existence. They grew to constitute a body comprising 77 persons out of 4,066 residents in 1837. Within their ranks were 41 males and 36 females, probably mostly adults because of the frontier nature of this setting. Elsewhere in the free states of the north, this ratio appeared in opposite fashion.3 As to the states of origins for both these free people of color and refugees4 (usually referred to pejoratively as fugitives, as though escape from forced bondage could lack moral legitimacy), they emigrated from nearby Missouri and Kentucky and throughout the Old Northwest, as well as from faraway Pennsylvania, Virginia and North Carolina. By 1840, the Sixth Census of the United States showed a decline in the African American population as it plunged to 53 persons.5 Whether those who left were persons who migrated elsewhere because of coercion, either occasioned by peripatetic slave catchers, or the lure of a more permanent freedom in British Canada (which abolished slavery late in the previous century), is purely conjectural. Then, the dire economic influence of the Panic of 1837 could have caused the migration of employment-seeking individuals elsewhere. However, there can be no doubt that Chicago's status as a major terminus on the Underground Railroad played a major role in any decrease or increase in the population.6 Significantly, the likelihood of the emergence of family life within this smaller population seemed reasonable, something unusual for an environment such as this, but indicative of the rapidity at which development was occurring in various facets of town life. In particular, the ranks of the fifty-three African Americans included 14 children under the age of 10, nine boys and five girls, along with nine males and females between the ages of 10 through 24. Only three persons more than 55 years of age lived among them. Fractionally more than half the group were 27 individuals ranging from 24 to 55 years of age. Prominently positioned in their midst were fifteen males and seven females between the ages of 24 and 36. By the time of the second Chicago census, completed three years later in 1843, the African American population had risen again, now to 65 persons. …" @default.
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• W24299723 date "2002-01-01" @default.
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• W24299723 title "African American Life in Antebellum Chicago, 1833-1860" @default.
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