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• W243169675 abstract "1. Introductory In this paper I will discuss the expressions of the concept of happiness from Old to Modern English and hope that this choice of topic will be interpreted as wishing many happy returns to Roger Lass, whose comparative approach to linguistic problems and alert sensitivity to the movements of the human mind has been a source of inspiration to both his own contemporaries and a generation of younger scholars. The main purpose of my paper is to show how a study of translations throughout the centuries will help us to understand the developments of the lexis of English, from the time when the introduction of the classical/Christian literary culture was making completely new demands on language, to the period when borrowed and native elements were amalgamated into an efficient tool for argument even at a highly abstract level of expression. (1) Boethius' De Consolatione Philosophiae offers us an excellent source for comparing English translations of one and the same text over a long time span. Because of its philosophical content, this text is a challenge even to a present-day professional, not to speak of translators who had to cope with a much less sophisticated vehicle for expressing abstract ideas. The earliest English Boethius translations dates from King Alfred's time, possibly compiled by the king himself; (2) there are two Middle English translations, Chaucer's in prose and Walton's in verse, and a number of Modern English ones dating from various centuries. My observations on the words indicating 'happiness' are mainly based on the Helsinki Corpus samples of Alfred's, Chaucer's, Colville's (1556) and Preston's (1695) translations of De Consolatione Philosophiae. (3) Reference is also made to the occurrences of these words in other parts of the translations and in the Boethius versions of John Walton (1410) and I.T. (1609). Prose 9 of the Third Book of De Conrolatione Philosophiae begins as follows: (1) a. Hactenus mendacis formam felicitatis ostendisse suffecerit quam si per-spicaciter intueris, ordo est deinceps quae sit uera monstrare. Atqui uideo, inquam, opibus sufficientiam nec regnis potentiam nec reuerentiam dignitatibus nec celebritatem gloria nec laetitiam uoluptatibus posse contingere. (Boethius 256) (4) (For a translation, see (1b), below.) The second sentence of this passage contains a number of coupled abstract nouns, with rather subtle differences in meaning. In his translation dating from the end of the 17th century, Richard, Lord Viscount Preston, the latest of the translators in my survey, makes use of loan words borrowed from French or directly from Latin, often using two synonymous nouns to indicate a concept. The only native word he uses is kingdom. b. Let it suffice that I have hitherto described the Form of counterfeit Happiness: So that if thou considerest well, my Method will lead me to give to thee a perfect Draught of the true. Boet. I now see plainly that Men cannot arrive at a full Satisfaction by Riches, nor at Power by enjoying Principalities or Kingdoms, nor at Esteem and Reverence by the Accession of Dignities, nor at Nobility by Glory, nor at true Joy by carnal Pleasures. (Preston 124) It is interesting to see how translators from Old to Early Modern English have solved the problems of the related but contrasting concepts in the Boethius passage quoted above. c. Genog ic pe hoebbe nu gereaht ymb oa anlicnessa & emb oa sceaduwa poere sooan gecsloe. Ac gif pu nu sweotole gecnawan meaht pa anlicnesse poere sooan gesceloe ponne is siooan oearf poet ic pe hi selfe getcece. pa andwyrde ic & cwoeo: Nu ic ongite genog openlice poette oelces goodes genog nis on oissum woruldwelum, ne oeltoewe anwald nis on nanum weoruldrice, ne se sooa weoroscipe nis on pisse weorulde, ne pa moestan moeroa ne sint on oysse woruldgylpe, ne sio hehste blis nis on pam floesclicum lustum. …" @default.
• W243169675 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W243169675 date "1997-01-01" @default.
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• W243169675 title "In search of happiness : Felicitas and beatitudo in early English Boethius translations" @default.
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