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- W244014902 abstract "Effective communication depends on two categories of factors. First, the speaker has to have a solid grasp of the object of com munication and access to the linguistic resources needed for clear encoding. Secondly, he has to have an understanding of the relevant background, competencies, and perspective of the listener, and the ability to take these into account in his message. Young children have been found to have deficiencies in both categories (see, for example, Flavell, 1968; Krauss & Glucksberg, 1969; Piaget, 1926). Although analytically it is possible to separate problems involved in dealing with the subject matter to be communicated from problems involved in listener appreciation, in practice, it is not always clear which factor is responsible for communicative deficiencies. Thus, Shatz and Gelman (1973) have challenged the view that preschool children cannot take the listener's requirements into account in their communications. They have shown that four-year-olds adjusted their communications to accommodate two-year-olds when they were thoroughly familiar with the material they communicated about and the message requirements did not strain their linguistic resources. One can ask whether listener appreciation problems or subject matter problems are primarily responsible for the outcome of a particular communication task, but it seems also important to relate the two sources of communicative difficulty. This was done in the present study by developing a common conceptual requirement, shift in perspective, for the two factors. In one case the shift in perspective was necessitated by the context in which the referent to be communicated about was embedded, and in the other, by the situation of the listener. Before we introduce the specific tasks used, it is necessary to describe the scale of communicative efficiency that has been" @default.
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- W244014902 title "Factors Reducing the Efficiency of Referent-Communication in Children." @default.
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