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• W2440366554 abstract "Major changes in adaptive strategy or way of life often accompany the origin of higher taxa (Simpson 1953; Van Valen 1971). Living Old World monkeys (OWM) and apes are taxonomically distinct at the superfamilial level (members of Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea, respectively), and exhibit contrasts in feeding and locomotor morphology, reproductive and developmental biology, and body size distribution (Temerin 1983). These differences strongly suggest that the evolutionary divergence of cercopithecoids and hominoids was associated with significant alterations in adaptive strategy. Marked differences in habitat choice, activity cycles, arboreality or terrestriality, or dietary habits that would contribute to easily definable contrasts in ways of life are not displayed by these taxa, however. Distinctions are more subtle, consistent with the intermediate taxonomic rank of the groups. Our basic aim is to elucidate the adaptive significance of the monkey-ape divergence. Others have also considered this topic. Napier (1970) proposed that the divergence of OWM was tied to evolution of the ability, under conditions of forest seasonality, to eat leaves when little fruit was available. Forest seasonality also plays a principal role in the scenario constructed by Ripley (1979), but in this case emphasis was placed on the locomotor divergence of monkeys and apes. Ripley argued that the bimanual suspension of apes evolved as a solution to terminal branch feeding on fruit in monolayered trees of the middle stratum of evergreen forest as body size increased. The above-branch locomotion of cercopithecoids, on the other hand, was associated with use of upper canopy, emergent, multilayer trees as sources of both fruit and leaves. Most recently, Andrews (1981) refined Napier's (1970) hypothesis on the divergence of cercopithecoids and further proposed that the distinctive ape locomotor diversity (e.g., bimanual suspension, knuckle-walking) and social patterns evolved in response to competition from OWM and perhaps others as well. Beyond reference to optimization of foraging strategies, Andrews did not consider the adaptive significance of these traits, however. Here we attempt a more comprehensive view than characterizes previous efforts. We focus on foraging behavior for three reasons. First, the acquisition of" @default.
• W2440366554 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2440366554 date "1983-01-01" @default.
• W2440366554 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2440366554 title "THE EVOLUTIONARY DIVERGENCE OF OLD WORLD" @default.
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