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• W2440776397 abstract "Economic and social inequality is a major problem, implicated in poverty, ill health and exploitation. Inequality has increased in many countries since the 1980s and it is also widely seen as unfair, yet action against it has been sporadic and often ineffective. To better understand why inequality has persisted, it is useful to look at tactics that reduce public outrage over it. These include covering up the existence and impacts of inequality, denigrating those who are less well-off, explaining the existence of inequality as natural, necessary or beneficial, using official channels to justify inequality, threatening those who challenge it and rewarding those who defend it. Each of these tactics can be countered, resulting in a set of options for those pursuing a fairer world. Inequality in various realms—economic, political and social— appears to be an enduring feature of human societies. However, many challenges have been made to extreme forms of inequality: for example, democratisation movements have challenged dictatorships and various forms of political exclusion; labour movements have campaigned against economic inequality making the case for a living wage and social protection; and social exclusion of various groups is widely castigated as prejudice. While all forms of inequality have persisted, what is notable is that economic inequality has increased and, according to many analysts, become much more extreme within countries through processes of corporate globalisation (Cammack 2009; Piketty 2014). Most humans have a well-developed sense of fairness (Moore 1978). Haidt (2012) argues that fairness is one of the fundamental moral foundations deriving from humans’ evolutionary past. It is found in people of all political persuasions, and is especially important for those on the left. On an informal level, many parents observe that their children compete for their attention and resent being treated unequally. In workplaces, grievances develop when workers are rewarded differently when doing the same work. Yet, despite this sensitivity to fairness, wide-scale economic inequality in contemporary societies has persisted and sometimes increased. Governments are often seen as the means for redressing unfairness: they have the capacity to redistribute income and wealth through policies of taxation, investment and welfare. Despite the efforts of reformers, though, the divergence between the wealthy and the impoverished has continued within and between countries. A whole range of data has come out over the past few years to support this claim (Inequality.org 2015; OECD 2011; Piketty 2014), the most recent being an Oxfam report that by 2016 over half the world’s wealth will be owned by just the richest 1% of the world’s population. The trend to increasing inequality is clear in the report: “In 2010, it took 388 billionaires to equal the wealth of the bottom half of the world’s population; by 2014, the fi gure had fallen to just 80 billionaires” (Hardoon 2015: 3).1 Although there are periodic expressions of concern and impressive-sounding policy statements, political concern about inequality is seldom as great as for economic growth, terrorism, crime and a host of other topics. Indeed, until the rise of the global justice movement and the Occupy movement, inequality was not a serious agenda item for most governments. To better understand how economic inequality has been marginalised in public discourse and thinking, it is useful to look at tactics of outrage management (Martin 2007). When a We thank Shaazka Beyerle, Danny Dorling and Stellan Vinthagen for valuable comments on a draft of this article." @default.
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• W2440776397 date "2015-01-01" @default.
• W2440776397 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2440776397 title "Challenging economic inequality: tactics and strategies" @default.
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