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• W2441639063 abstract "Calcium is present in all pigment gallstones as a salt of one or more of the anions in bile which are most readily precipitable by calcium: (i) carbonate; (ii) bilirubinate; (iii) phosphate, and (iv) palmitate. We term these calcium-sensitive anions. In addition, since cholesterol stones have been found to contain pigment stone centers, we postulate that calcium precipitation in bile is a critical event in the initiation of cholesterol gallstones, so that the latter should be considered a two-stage process: (i) precipitation of calcium salts to form a nidus, and (ii) precipitation of cholesterol from its supersaturated state on this nidus. Any measure which will reduce free [Ca++] in bile will reduce calcium lithogenicity; possible ways to reduce [Ca++] in bile are presented. One way is to increase Ca++ binding by normal biliary constituents; we have recently pointed out that bile salts are important buffers for Ca++ in bile by virtue of binding to both free and micellar bile salts. Here, we consider some of our Ca++ electrode studies of taurocholate, glycocholate, serum albumin, and simple molecules having terminal carboxyl (CO0-) or sulfonic (SO-3) ions. A brief history of the development of the Ca++ electrode is given, along with theoretical considerations of ionic activities and techniques of electrode measurements. From the various studies, a unifying hypothesis is proposed for the structural requirements of Ca++-binding to proteins (albumin) and free monomeric bile salts. For proteins, unconjugated bile salts and glycine-conjugated bile salts, it is proposed that Ca++ binding involves a reversible ion-exchange site in which a Ca++ ion is interposed between carboxyl (CO0-) and hydroxyl (OH) groups. For taurine-conjugated bile salts, this site is proposed to involve the interposition of a Ca++ ion between the side-chain SO-3 and cholanic ring OH groups. These studies are a first step toward modulation of Ca++ activity in bile." @default.
• W2441639063 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2441639063 creator A5015377847 @default.
• W2441639063 date "1984-09-01" @default.
• W2441639063 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2441639063 title "The role of calcium in the pathogenesis of gallstones: Ca++ electrode studies of model bile salt solutions and other biologic systems. With an hypothesis on structural requirements for Ca++ binding to proteins and bile acids." @default.
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