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• W24486412 abstract "Introduction and Background: The unit concept, known as the Credit Hour System (CHS) first emerged in higher education at about the turn of the last century, fueled by two major developments; that was in the United States' higher education (Hefferman, 1973). One was the elective system pioneered at Harvard under Charles Eliot's leadership after the Civil War, in which a wholly prescribed college curriculum was supplemented by additional courses that each student could personally select. The resulting need to account instructional activity in standard terms in an environment in which students may embark upon different individual paths of has been with us ever since. The second stimulus was a simultaneous expansion of access to higher education that called for some kind of rationalization of collegiate admissions requirements. Since high schools differed markedly in what they offered (as they do today), a standard unit of measure was needed to ensure that entering students had roughly the same levels of preparation. Virtually all sources agree that the basic definition of a credit rests on the notion of single hour of class per week occurring over a defined instructional period (term). But all elements of this seemingly simple definition are subject to empirical variation. An hour, for instance, is often only fifty minutes. Terms range from semesters to quarters--though all are typically measured in elapsed weeks. And what class actually means can vary a lot. A first-order difficulty here is what to do with scheduled activities like labs in which learning is clearly taking place, but no formal teaching. As a result, lab courses in the hard sciences (and in many professional field settings) are often accorded a higher-than-standard value--a fact much resented by faculty in other fields. A second-order difficulty that proceeds logically from this is what to do with unscheduled discretionary activities, like studying and homework, in which also takes place in the absence of teaching. Many early discussions of the concept (and not a few college catalogues) thus contain an implied codicil to the standard definition that establishes a normal expectation of an additional two hours of out-of-class time for every hour spent in class. The option of a system--in addition to the two-semester system--was, for the first time, offered to students of the secondary education program in the academic year 1978-79 in the State of Kuwait. The credit-hour has obvious advantages over the year system. For one thing, students enjoy more freedom when choosing courses and professors--there is a substantial list of electives to choose from, and one can delay taking certain courses till later or take certain courses earlier. For another, it recognizes the principle of individual differences. Students who are unable to take 18 hours a semester, for one reason or another, can take 15 or 12. In some cases, they can even take nine or six. Students have the opportunity to finish earlier, if they wish to (i.e. three or three and a half years, instead of four) or finish later than five or six, should they choose to do so. In addition, while the yearly allows students accepted in the same year to get to know each other well, the credit-hour allows one to get to know students from the previous and the subsequent years as well. Furthermore, the credit-hour enables students to study more than one subject, through the minors and double majors (and this reflects positively on their employment opportunities as well as on their broadness of vision), and it gives them more freedom in changing majors. Moreover, there are, in addition to the daily quizzes and homework assignments, two exams per semester for each course in addition to the final exam. Besides giving the student more chances to do well, the multiple exams enable students to get more feedback with respect to their performance and, simultaneously, enable the professor to assess the progress the students make more accurately. …" @default.
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• W24486412 date "2005-09-22" @default.
• W24486412 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W24486412 title "Secondary Education Programs in Kuwait: An Evaluation Study." @default.
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