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- W24506189 abstract "In higher-order process calculi the values exchanged in communications may contain processes. We describe a study of the expressive power of strictly higher-order process calculi, i.e. calculi in which only process passing is allowed and no name-passing is present. In this setting, the polyadicity (i.e. the number of parameters) allowed in communications is shown to induce a hierarchy of calculi of strictly increasing expressiveness: a higher-order calculus with n-adic communication cannot be encoded into a calculus with n − 1-adic communication. In this note we outline this result, and discuss the conditions under which it holds. Introduction. Higher-order process calculi are formal languages for concurrency in which processes can be communicated. They have been put forward in the early 1990s, with CHOCS [1] and Plain CHOCS [2], the Higher-Order π-calculus [3], and others. Recent proposals of higher-order calculi include the Kell calculus [4] and Homer [5]. Higher-order, or process-passing, concurrency is often presented as an alternative paradigm to the first order, or name-passing, concurrency of the π-calculus for the description of mobile systems. Higher-order calculi are inspired by, and are formally closer to, the λ-calculus, whose basic computational step — β-reduction — involves term instantiation. An important criterion for assessing the significance of a paradigm is its expressiveness. The expressiveness of higher-order communication has received little attention in the literature; previous works are mostly concerned about issues of relative expressiveness between higherand first-order calculi. A good example is [6] in which a tight correspondence between name-passing calculi based on internal mobility and processpassing calculi is shown. In a previous work, we have studied expressiveness and decidability issues for HOCORE, a core calculus for higher order concurrency [7]. HOCORE is a strictly higher-order process calculus, in that only the operators necessary to obtain higher-order communications are retained. Notably, no name-passing features are present. The grammar of HOCORE is: P ::= a(x).P | aP | P ‖ P | x | 0 An input prefixed process a(x).P can receive on name (or channel) a a process that will be substituted in the place of x in the body P ; an output message aP can send P on ? Research partially supported by the INRIA Equipe Associee BACON. a; parallel composition allows processes to interact. HOCORE is minimal in that continuations following output messages have been left out (i.e. communication is asynchronous) and, more importantly, it has no restriction operator. Thus all channels are global, and dynamic creation of new channels is impossible. This makes the absence of recursion also relevant, as known encodings of fixed-point combinators in higher-order process calculi require the restriction operator. Despite this minimality, HOCORE was shown to be Turing complete. Therefore, in HOCORE, properties such as termination (i.e. non existence of divergent computations) and convergence (i.e. existence of a terminating computation) are both undecidable. In contrast, somewhat surprisingly, strong bisimilarity is decidable, and several sensible bisimilarities in the higher-order setting coincide with it. A recent work [8] has studied a fragment of HOCORE in which output actions have limited capabilities over previously received processes. In such a fragment, similarly as in HOCORE, convergence is undecidable but, unlike HOCORE, termination is decidable. This Work. In this note we continue our study of the fundamental properties of higherorder process calculi. We shall analyze the consequences that polyadicity (i.e. the number of parameters in higher-order communications) has on the expressiveness of this kind of calculi. We consider variants of HOCORE with different degrees of polyadicity, and study their relative expressive power. Our main result is a hierarchy of calculi of strictly increasing expressiveness: a higher-order process calculus with n-adic communication cannot be encoded into a calculus with n − 1-adic communication. In the remainder, as a way of introducing the peculiarities of the higher-order setting, we discuss the classic encoding of polyadic first-order communication into monadic one; then, we comment on a notion of encoding with a refined account of internal communications. Our result depends critically on this notion. We conclude by giving intuitions on the proof of the main result; more details can be found in [9]. Our Setting. We recall the encoding of the polyadic π-calculus into the monadic one in [10]: [[x(z1, . . . , zn).P ]] = x(w).w(z1). · · · .w(zn). [[P ]] [[x〈a1, . . . , an〉.P ]] = νw xw.wa1. · · · .wan. [[P ]] (where [[·]] is an homomorphism for the other operators). A single n-adic synchronization is encoded as n + 1 monadic synchronizations. The first such synchronizations establishes a private link w: the encoding of output creates a private name w and sends it to the encoding of input. In other words, by virtue of the synchronization on x, private name w is now shared, and its scope is extruded. As a result, name w can be used to communicate each of a1, . . . , an through (monadic) synchronizations. This encoding is very intuitive, and satisfies a tight operational correspondence property: a public synchronization of the source term (i.e. a synchronization on an unrestricted name such as x) is matched by the encoding with a public synchronization on the same name that is followed by a number of internal synchronizations (i.e. synchronizations on a private name such as w). The observable behavior is thus preserved: the encoding does not perform visible actions different from those performed by the" @default.
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- W24506189 date "2009-01-01" @default.
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- W24506189 title "On the Expressiveness of Polyadicity in Higher-Order Process Calculi (Extended Abstract)" @default.
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