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• W2460223857 abstract "The menarche stands as our primary indicator of onset of sexual maturity in females. The age at which this milestone occurs has therefore become one of major parameters of maturation rates among individuals, or among groups, and wide range of variation in age at menarche makes it a useful parameter. The factors which operate to create variability in menarcheal age are many, and involve hereditary and environmental determinants. Their interactions are quite complex and any attempt to isolate significant associations must adopt a multifactorial design. Only in this way will nature of determining factors, particularly those associated with external environment, be discovered. Of all developmental milestones associated with adolescent years, menarche, by all odds, is most noteworthy. To researcher in child development, concerned parent, or growing child, onset of first menstrual period is a qualitative event of major significance, denoting achievement of a functional state which involves, if not ability to regularly conceive, at least hypothalamic control of ovarian cycle via pituitary gland. Although not every segment of society would view this phenomenon in such glowing physiological terms, to student of human development, connotation of sexual maturity and entry into a new set of biosocial interactions is unmistakable. Since virtually beginning of scientific study of child development, researchers have included recording of age at menarche among data obtained, although why has not always been apparent. Menarche does not indicate a functional reproductive system, anovular cycles being the rule rather than exception during adolescence (Israel, 1967). Menarche does not signal onset of growth spurt since major portion of adolescent growth has passed, by initiation of a menstrual cycle (Tanner, 1962). And, since there 1 Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. 19104. Human Biology , February 1974 , Vol. 46, No. i, pp. 159-171. © Wayne State University Press , 1974 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.51 on Tue, 21 Jun 2016 06:04:58 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 160 Francis E . Johnston is no presently-recognized phenomenon of comparable significance among males, utility of any set of observations regarding its occurrence is restricted to females. Nonetheless, despite foregoing, we have, and shall continue, to obtain, analyze, and report on ages at menarche among those samples which we study. After all, it is a qualitative event and one which is easily recordable, if simple methodological considerations are followed. In addition, age at menarche is correlated with most of other events and processes of adolescence. While some individuals may reject notion that maturation process proceeds as a unit ( Brown, 1966), others have pointed out many associations among measures of maturation (Boas, 1932; Shuttleworth, 1937, 1949; Tanner, 1962), so that age at menarche does become a very useful parameter. And finally, age at menarche among individual girls shows a remarkable range of variation. The earliest menarche yet recorded, reputedly in absence of endocrine tumors, central nervous system lesions, and like, occurred in a girl of 9 Уг months of age (Masterson, 1967), and idiopathic delays of puberty have been associated with menarcheal ages of 20 years or more. Among most samples, standard deviation of age at menarche is about ±2 years. Among samples of populations from around world, an equally striking range of variation exists in mean ages at menarche reported in literature. The earliest mean ages approach 12.3 years (Tanner, 1962; Hiernaux, 1968) and current upper end of range is to be found among Bundi of New Guinea highlands, whose average age at first menstruation is given as 18.8 years (Malcolm, 1966). Given a discrete event that shows such sensitivity to appropriate determinants, and such strong associations with other events, it is no wonder that an almost innumerable number of studies have appeared on subject. However, in view of wide variation in ages at menarche, and correlation of these ages with so many factors, truly analytic studies require a fair amount of sophistication in design in order to disentangle these factors. Unfortunately, designs of this sort are too often lacking in published literature so that we are, more often than not, left with papers which provide us only with answers in search of questions. Lest we be left with cavalier attitude that it is a simple matter to obtain menarcheal ages in a sample of females, even assuming that question may be asked and answered, let me note that recording errors may not only be quite large, but systematic as well. Recall data This content downloaded from 207.46.13.51 on Tue, 21 Jun 2016 06:04:58 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Control of Age at Menarche 161 are frequently incorrect due to fickle nature of our memories, and bias may be introduced by possibility that women whose menarcheal ages were later than average tend to display errors in memory which are less than those menstruating early. The most accurate way is to fit a probit line to yes-or-no distributions, by age, after assuring that age range is sufficient to catch very late maturers (Tanner, 1962). What, then, does regulate and control age at menarche in adolescent females, excluding direct hormonal influences? Unfortunately, answer seems to be everything. For, if one consistent conclusion is to be drawn from mass of studies on subject, it seems to be that, if two groups of females are contrasted in some way, their mean ages at menarche will probably differ. It is my purpose here to point out some_of most frequently reported and also some of most intriguing associations which may be noted so that truly multivariate control, if we may use such a word, may become more apparent. First of all, there are those associations which occur with other aspects of development such that they are consistent covariates of menarcheal age. Thus, age at menarche is correlated with other general measures of degree of biological maturation and growth timing. Nicolson and Hanley, in 1958, reported correlations between age at menarche and measures of development of secondary sex characteristics which ranged from 0.58 to 0.86 ( Nicolson and Hanley, 1958) . Earlier Simmons and Greulich (1943) and Shuttleworth (1949) analyzed much of existing data and recently Marshall and Tanner (1969) have reported on longitudinal study of children from National Children's Home in Harpenden, England. All reached generally similar conclusions: that age at menarche shows a high and positive correlation with other measures of maturation rate (Table 1). This relationship to a wide range of biological indicators is seen also in greater accuracy of skeletal age than chronological age in predicting occurrence of first menstruation (Simmons and Greulich, 1943; Andersen, 1968). Likewise, earlier menarche is associated with fatness in adolescent females (Bruch, 1941; Reynolds, 1951; Garn and Haskell, 1960; Hammar et al. 1972). For 200 females diagnosed as being clinically obese, Bruch, for example, noted that this advancement may be as much as IVz years. In fact, only samples whose mean ages at menarche are less than 12.0 years of age are study samples composed of obese females. Physique is another feature associated with menarcheal age, as Tanner (1962) has summarized. Body bulk, which may ultimately reThis content downloaded from 207.46.13.51 on Tue, 21 Jun 2016 06:04:58 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 162 Francis E. Johnston" @default.
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• W2460223857 title "Control of age at menarche." @default.
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