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• W2460278345 abstract "The adaptive significance of hatching asynchrony has received considerable attention over the past two decades (Ingram 1959; Ricklefs 1965; Lack 1966; Skutch 1967; Bryant 1975; Proctor 1975; Newton 1977, 1979). Arguments, based primarily on Lack's (1966) food-limited hypothesis, suggest that it gives species dependent on irregular or unpredictable food sources a means of adjusting reproductive effort to prevailing food supplies. The consensus is that hatching asynchrony gives older, more developed nestlings a survival advantage during periods of limited food by increasing the chances they will eliminate late-hatched chicks through starvation or fratricide and thereby prevent their own demise. The hypothesis has been criticized for its apparent wastefulness (Ricklefs 1968, Hussel 1972, Proctor 1975, O'Connor 1977), but if one considers the inclusive fitness of all nestlings, it may have adaptive value (O'Connor 1978, Stinson 1979). Food-related incidences of brood reduction supporting the theory have been reported in a number of species (Ricklefs 1965, Nisbet and Cohen 1975, Parsons 1975, Proctor 1975). Although brood reduction has been observed at many raptor nests (Ingram 1959, 1962; Heintzelman 1966; Clevenger and Roest 1974; Meyburg 1974; Stinson 1979), data linking its occurrence with limited food supply are lacking. Possible and confirmed records of fratricide and cannibalism have been reported at nests of Swainson's Hawk (Buteo swainsoni) (Pilz 1976; Parker 1976, 1979; Pilz and Seibert 1978; Newton 1979), for example, but none have been linked with food supply. Here, I use nestling weight as an index of nestling food supply to demonstrate the relationship between limited food availability and the occurrence of brood reduction in this species. STUDY AREA AND METHODS The study was conducted in southeastern Washington in an approximately 4200-km2 area of Whitman and Garfield counties (Bechard 1980). The native habitat once consisted of shrubsteppe vegetation (Daubenmire 1970). Because of agriculture, only small patches of native habitat remain in creek bottoms and on steep terrain, and large expanses of cropland planted in wheat, peas, barley, and lentils now dominate the landscape. The climate is characterized by moderately cold, wet winters and hot, dry summers. Mean temperature for the coldest month (January) ranges from -5.5-1.5'C while the hottest month (August) ranges from 18.5-24.50C. Rainfall averages from 35.5-63.5 cm per year. During the study, precipitation was average in 1978 and 1979, but a drought occurred in 1977 when" @default.
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• W2460278345 date "1983-01-01" @default.
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• W2460278345 title "FOOD SUPPLY AND THE OCCURRENCE OF BROOD REDUCTION IN SWAINSON'S HAWK" @default.
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