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• W2461609077 abstract "To the Editors: Biomedical prevention strategies, specifically the achievement of an undetectable viral load, can prevent transmission of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM).1 Moreover, among MSM, viral load information is used in the negotiation of condomless anal intercourse (CAI),2,3 and studies find that MSM are more likely to engage in CAI if they believe their partners are virally suppressed.4,5 To date, research on the association between viral load and CAI has focused exclusively on a single partner (ie, the HIV-negative or HIV-positive partner) without attending to the dyadic nature of sexual relationships and potentially contributing to pseudounilaterality—a bias that results from continually studying only 1 side of a 2-way interaction.6 The probability of HIV transmission is low when a partner is virally suppressed and clear of genital tract inflammation.1 Yet viral-sorting practices (ie, considering a partner's viral load when making decisions about sexual behaviors) rely on subjective beliefs about viral suppression, and recent data show that MSM are likely to overestimate that their primary partner is virally suppressed.7 Thus, a better understanding of partner perceptions of viral suppression and sexual risk behavior has important implications for HIV prevention and clinical practice. In this study, we fill a key gap in the literature by examining the relative importance of both partners' self-reports of viral suppression—and confirmatory viral load blood test results—on intradyadic (ie, within-couple) sexual risk behavior. METHODS Data come from baseline assessments in the Duo Project, a longitudinal study of male couples from the San Francisco Bay Area.7 From 2009 through 2013, a sample of 118 serodiscordant male couples (236 men) with an HIV-positive partner on antiretroviral therapy (ART) completed a survey that assessed beliefs about viral suppression and sexual risk behavior. HIV-positive men on ART and their partners were interviewed simultaneously, but separately, using a combination of computer-assisted personal interviewing and audio computer-assisted self-interviewing methods. HIV-positive partners had blood drawn to assess viral load at the time of the interview. Blood samples were processed in a laboratory within 24–48 hours on receipt of the specimen. The Committee on Human Research at the University of California, San Francisco approved this study. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. For men on ART, self-reported viral suppression was assessed with the question “Was your last viral load test detectable or undetectable?” (“Yes,” “No,” or “Refuse”). No men refused to answer. Partner self-reports of viral suppression were assessed with the question “Was your partner's last viral load detectable or undetectable?” (“Yes,” “No,” or “Refuse”). Only 1 partner refused to answer. HIV RNA viral load tests were performed using the COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HIV test kit (Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.), with an undetectable threshold of ≤48 copies per milliliter. Biologic viral suppression was dichotomized as detectable versus undetectable using this cutoff value. To capture intradyadic sexual risk behavior, we followed similar procedures described elsewhere.8 In sum, we used both partners' responses to compute a 3-level categorical variable for sexual risk in the previous 3 months: (1) protected anal intercourse (PAI); (2) condomless anal intercourse (CAI); or (3) no anal intercourse. Couples were considered to have engaged in CAI if either partner reported anal sex in which condoms were not used consistently “every time.” Likewise, couples were considered to have engaged in PAI if both partners reported consistent condom use. Finally, couples were considered to have engaged in no anal intercourse if both partners reported no sexual activity. For couples with discrepant reports, decisions were made by erring on the side of greater risk. Couple-level agreement on sexual behavior was relatively high (84% of couples agreed about whether they had anal sex; 97% of couples who had anal sex agreed about whether sex was protected or not). The data were organized at the couple level such that each row represented one couple. The associations between each of the 3 measures of viral suppression (both HIV-positive and HIV-negative partners' self-reports and viral load blood test result for the HIV-positive partner) and sexual risk behavior were tested using multinomial logistic regression. Because the 3 measures of viral suppression were correlated, we fit 3 separate models for each explanatory variable. Previous research from the Duo Project found no significant demographic differences in intradyadic sexual behavior among serodiscordant couples8; thus, the models only controlled for relationship duration. Finally, we used dominance analysis,9 a statistical technique to identify which of the 3 predictors was the most important predictor of sexual risk. The relative importance of a predictor is based on the effect size (ie, the dominance weight), which is calculated by taking the average pseudo-R2 explained by each predictor across multiple regression models containing all possible subsets of predictors. Each predictor competes against the others to predict the outcome and then is ranked in terms of importance. This approach overcomes problems of multicollinearity when predictors are highly correlated. In addition, dominance analysis estimates whether a predictor consistently outperforms another predictor using the categories of general dominance (least dominant), conditional dominance (somewhat dominant), and complete dominance (most dominant). In this study, we observed complete dominance, which means that the amount of variance explained in sexual risk by one predictor (ie, HIV-negative partner self-reports) was greater in size than the variance explained by the other 2 predictors (ie, blood test results and HIV-positive partner self-reports). All analyses were conducted in Stata 14. RESULTS The sample of 236 men (118 couples) was largely middle aged (M = 46.6; SD = 10.9) and self-identified as white (61.4%). Slightly less than half of the sample (40.7%) reported earning less than $20,000 annually. Couples had been together an average of 7.4 years (SD = 7.8). Of the 118 HIV-positive men on ART, 92.4% reported that they were virally suppressed at last clinic visit, 62.4% were actually virally suppressed as indicated by blood tests, and 77.8% of their partners reported they believed that their HIV-positive partner was virally suppressed. Regarding sexual behavior, 13 couples (11.0%) had engaged in PAI in the past 3 months, 39 couples (33.0%) had engaged in CAI in the past 3 months, and 66 couples (55.9%) had no anal intercourse with their primary partner in the past 3 months. As shown in Table 1, HIV-positive partner self-reports of viral suppression and blood test results were not significantly associated with sexual risk behavior. However, HIV-negative partner self-reports of viral suppression were positively associated with CAI (in reference to PAI; adjusted relative risk ratio = 5.34; 95% CI: 1.13 to 35.27; P = 0.035) and were positively associated with CAI (in reference to no anal intercourse; adjusted relative risk ratio = 3.39; 95% CI: 1.00 to 11.47; P = 0.049). In the dominance analysis, HIV-negative partner self-reports of viral suppression had the highest rank in importance (#1; weight = 0.0244), followed by viral load blood test results (#2; weight = 0.0146) and HIV-positive partner self-reports of viral suppression (#3; weight = 0.0025). HIV-negative partner self-reports showed complete dominance over the HIV-positive partner self-reports and viral load blood test results—providing the strongest evidence of dominance for a given variable.TABLE 1.: Relative Risk Ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs From Multinomial Logistic Regression Models for Sexual Risk Behavior (N = 236 Individuals; 118 couples)COMMENT Findings suggest that HIV-negative partners' self-reports about their partner's viral suppression are more salient for sexual risk behavior than HIV-positive men's self-reports of viral suppression and blood test results. Although we were limited to cross-sectional data and a convenience sample of same-sex male couples in primary partnerships, our analysis extends other research using a dyadic framework to simultaneously examine two sides of a couple interaction. The results highlight that HIV-negative partners' beliefs about viral suppression may be central to the dyadic coordination of risky sex. Because partner beliefs of viral suppression may be inaccurate,7 HIV-negative men may unknowingly place themselves at risk for HIV. Although we could not directly assess this in our study, future studies with larger samples of male couples should explore patterns and predictors of CAI with HIV-negative men who incorrectly assume their partner is virally suppressed. Furthermore, future research is needed to examine whether these findings can be generalized to samples of serodiscordant couples using preexposure prophylaxis. If the viral status of HIV-positive men is less influential in sexual decision making within primary serodiscordant partnerships, the responsibility falls on HIV-negative partners to use condoms and take other measures, such as preexposure prophylaxis, for reducing risk. Although ART may offer another layer of protection against HIV infection, its success will require that HIV-negative partners have up-to-date viral load information on their partners, and accurate information regarding viral load variability, drug-resistant strains of HIV, and factors that can interfere with the suppressive effects of ART. This point is critical and timely as ART becomes increasingly accessible worldwide and momentum builds for efforts to end AIDS through antiretroviral-based approaches.10 Couple-based interventions that build communication skills and relationship dynamics are promising strategies,11 which could equally serve both partners' needs by improving adherence, engagement in HIV care, and viral suppression while reducing sexual risk for those who are HIV-negative. Health care professionals should assess sexual practices and communication about viral load with partners in both HIV care and HIV/sexually transmitted infection testing settings to facilitate a discussion of different prevention strategies depending on levels of risk." @default.
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• W2461609077 date "2016-10-01" @default.
• W2461609077 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2461609077 title "Partner Reports of HIV Viral Suppression Predict Sexual Behavior in Serodiscordant Male Couples" @default.
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