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• W2463923784 abstract "In a series of lectures delivered during his time as Robert Burns Fellow at the University of Otago in the mid-1960s, James K. Baxter evoked the figure of Burns as a talisman against his and the poet's 'puritan' and 'Calvinist' society. He was rehearsing a trope that was, by then, potent and pervasive in New Zealand literary and intellectual circles. Baxter treasured his little white book of Burns, he explained, as 'a protective talisman. The society in which I had been born (and indeed, modern Western society in general) carries like strychnine in its bones a strong subconscious residue of the doctrines and ethics of Calvinism'. To illustrate the problem, Baxter quoted a long passage on human depravity from Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion, first published in 1536: 'For our nature is not only utterly devoid of goodness, but so prolific in all kinds of evil, that it can never be idle [...] everything which is in man, from the intellect to the will, from the soul even to the flesh, is defiled and pervaded with this concupiscence'. As iconoclastic as any puritan, Baxter told his Dunedin audience that he used Calvin's 'heavy volumes' as 'paperweights' and 'to give the impression that I am a learned man'. He then hailed the 'superb energy, precision and humour' with which Burns fought 'the struggle of the natural man against that inhuman crystalline vision of the total depravity of the flesh and the rigid holiness of the elect'.1 In almost apocalyptic language, New Zealand's leading poet, a Roman Catholic convert, set out to deliver us from Calvinism.Baxter located Calvinism not just out there, in a sick society, but also within. He had been poisoned, too. 'All the pressures were on me [during adolescence]', he reflected, 'to accept the Calvinist ethos which underlies our determinedly secular culture like the bones of a dinosaur buried in a suburban garden plot- work is good; sex is evil; do whatyou're told andyou'll be all right; don't dig too deep into yourself. As a young man growing up in 'Calvin's town', as Baxter called Dunedin, 'I could not fight these chiefly inward pressures [...] All I could do was wait and sit it out'. Finding 'no tools to deal with the central anguish of a child hurled into the adolescent abyss, at the mercy of his imagination and the impulses of his body', he took years to 'forge them for myself. In Burns's bawdry he found one of the best tools:Apart from national enthusiasm, this unfractured view of sex may be one of the elements in Burns's work which has led his fellow-countrymen to regard him as a kind of tribal shaman, setting his book beside the Bible on their shelves; as if through him they could rediscover a lost folk heritage-he had dodged the thunderbolts of the God of Calvin, set up an ambiguous friendship with Calvin's devil, who is a nature god in disguise, and constructed a humanist shelter that his neighbours could scramble to share.2This article revisits the war that many New Zealand writers besides Baxter waged on Calvinism and puritanism between about 1900 and the 1970s. Critics often used 'Calvinism' and 'puritanism' loosely, almost interchangeably, as labels for a set of beliefs and behaviours they disliked. For the sake of simplicity and brevity, I will use puritanism as my standard covering concept, mainly because most of the writers I discuss used it (and cognates such as puritan, puritanical, etc.) more often than Calvinism. When it appears below, then, puritanism will include what Baxter called Calvinism, unless otherwise indicated. In seeking to understand what puritanism meant to its critics, I do not necessarily endorse their accounts as historically adequate. Stepping back into sixteenth-century Europe will illuminate why.Calvinism and puritanism emerged as close kin in Reformation Europe. Establishment enemies of the 'hotter sort of Protestants' trying to reform the Elizabethan Church of England in more Calvinistic directions called them 'puritans'. …" @default.
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• W2463923784 date "2012-01-01" @default.
• W2463923784 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2463923784 title "'Like Strychnine in Its Bones'? Puritanism, Literary Culture, and New Zealand History" @default.
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