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• W2466388664 abstract "I investigated the dynamics of the Valle Pesio wolf (Canis lupus) pack for 3 years using a combination of 3 non-invasive techniques. I estimated pack size and followed the social history of individuals considering data from wolf-howling surveys during the summer, snow-tracking surveys during the winter, and genetic analysis on scat samples collected over the entire year. Single techniques do not provide a good estimate o f the population size; a combination of the 3 provides the most reliable population estimation and provides evidence for the social history of individuals in the pack. Although there was a consistent pack size o f 5-6 individuals during each winter a high yearly turn-over of individuals within the pack occurred. I could not distinguish between dispersal and mortality, but reproduction was documented each summer. Uncertainty concerning the relative role of dispersal and mortality highlights the need for radiotelemetiy studies over a larger area. INTRODUCTION Large-scale studies of pack dynamics based on methods which allow monitoring the life history of individual wolves are of paramount importance for wolf conservation in the Alps. Conservation strategies for mammalian carnivores include the management of disjunct populations, where survival at a larger regional scale often depends on growth and dispersal characteristics of local populations (Haight et al. 1997). Therefore, the monitoring of individual wolf packs through at least several years may provide important information on critical components of population dynamics (Ciucci and Boitani 1999). However, intensive research and monitoring programs on local wolf packs have been limited in Italy (Boitani 1976; Ciucci 1994; Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Boitani and Ciucci 1996) because the non-invasive methods used (snow-tracking and wolf-howling surveys) did not provide information on the history o f individual wolves (Ciucci and Boitani 1999). Therefore, important components of population dynamics such as mortality, dispersal, reproduction, and recruitment are still almost unknown (Ciucci and Boitani 1999). In most cases, radiotelemetry is the best available technology to determine the movement patterns and population demographics o f elusive and secretive animals (Millspaugh and M arzluff2001); however, live-trapping wolves and monitoring a representative sample of radio-collared individuals in populated countries such as Italy is not always feasible (Ciucci and Boitani 1999). Rarity makes direct observation difficult; live-trapping is troublesome and sometimes dangerous for endangered and low density species like wolves. Additionally, capture efforts are expensive and take considerable time and effort (Kohn and Wayne 1997). Non-invasive techniques are preferred whenever they can provide the type, quality, and quantity of data needed. Genetic techniques can be used in the analysis o f faeces (molecular scatology) to address taxonomic issues and demographic questions, through individual identification via ‘genetic fingerprinting’ (Mills et al. 2000) and sex determination with gender specific markers (Kohn and Wayne 1997). In this study, I examined how the combination o f data from conventional noninvasive techniques such as snow-tracking and wolf-howling surveys, with data from newly emerging DNA-based techniques, may provide a much more comprehensive picture of the hidden life o f the elusive wolf population in the Alps. Wolf-howling and snow-tracking can document reproduction and determine the number of wolves in a pack, while newly emerging DNA-based techniques can document the individual Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. identity of wolf pack members. I monitored wolf pack dynamics and the fate of each individual wolf in the pack for 3 years. By illustrating application o f the non-invasive methods used (snow-tracking, wolf-howling, and genetic analysis on scat samples), I also considered their limitations in terms o f interpretation of wolf pack dynamics, and concordance between the methods. Finally, I proposed an optimal sample collection to document wolf pack dynamics over the long term. STUDY AREA The study area was defined by wolf presence and is located in a mountainous region of the southwestern Alps of Italy and France (Figure 1). The area consists of about 800 km^ and encompasses the Alta Valle Pesio e Tanaro Natural Park (67.7 km^) and adjacent lands. The core area is characterized by long narrow valley bottoms surrounded by rugged mountains, with elevations ranging from 800-2651 m. Dense coniferous and broadleaf forests {Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica are prevalent) cover about 50% of the area, 30% consists of alpine meadows, and 20% of bushes and rocky areas. The few roads in the area are closed during winter. The annual average precipitation is 1285 mm and the snow-season generally goes from November to April. Few human settlements are in the area due to a steady and constant decline in the human population during the past 30 years. However, human density in the region remains high. The most common ungulate species in the area are chamois {Rupicapra rupicapra), roe deer {Capreolus capreolus), wild boar {Sus scrofd), and red deer {fZervus elaphus). Populations o f roe deer, chamois, and wild boar in the study area today are abundant as a consequence of reintroductions by the Park System beginning in the 1980s and of natural range expansion by ungulates throughout Italy (Mattioli et al. 1995). The study area encompassed parts o f Italy and France, and each country" @default.
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• W2466388664 date "2003-01-01" @default.
• W2466388664 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2466388664 title "Wolf ecology in the western Alps: Analysis with non-invasive techniques" @default.
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