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• W2466822247 abstract "INTRODUCTIONIt was the worst moment of my life, seventeen-year-old Nicole said, referring to the moment she discovered that her father had distributed photographs and videos of his repeated sexual abuse of her, occurring when she was between nine and thirteen years old.1 Nicole's father had started showing her child pornography when she was close to nine years old as a way to seduce her to engage in sexual acts with him.2 His abuse quickly escalated, as soon there* after, Nicole's father forced her to perform oral sex on him and raped her, sometimes binding her with ropes, all while recording the encounters and sharing them with thousands of individuals on the Internet.3 At age sixteen, Nicole revealed the abuse to her mother, and Nicole's father was arrested for child rape; however, law enforcement officials did not discover the pornographic photographs and videos of Nicole and her father until months after his initial arrest.4 At that point, Nicole's father was out on bail and he fled the country as soon as it became apparent that law enforcement knew he was involved in the production and distribution of child pornography.5Unfortunately, Nicole's story is far from unique, as child pornography victimizes, conservatively, thousands of children each year.6 Although estimates vary regarding the extent of the child pornography industry because the crime is so difficult to track, the proliferation of child pornography as well as the prosecution of child pornography related crimes is considerable.7 In 1994, during the early days of the Internet, only sixty-one defendants were convicted in federal court for child pornography related offenses; in 2011, that number increased to 1880.8 Further, conservative estimates of the size of the child pornography market are daunting.9 In 2007, the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children reported that eight million images of child pornography are on the Internet, and a congressional investigation in 2008 estimated that number to be closer to three million images.10As Nicole's case illustrates, child pornography and child sexual abuse are intricately related, but courts have struggled with how to handle the relationship between the two.11 A recent report by the U.S. Department of Justice, Criminal Division, Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section noted that child pornography requires child sexual abuse, concluding, [I]t is simply not possible to disconnect the collection, trade, viewing, and possession of these images [of child pornography] from their production.12 Despite the Department of Justice's opinion that child molestation and child pornography are unquestionably related, however, courts have come to differing conclusions regarding how the relationship between child pornography and child sexual abuse impacts offenders and the prosecution of offenders.13This Note analyzes how courts address the connection between child pornography and child sexual abuse in the context of probable cause, examining, in particular, whether probable cause to search for evidence of child sexual abuse automatically creates probable cause to search for evidence of child pornography. Part I details the probable cause standard, the history of the criminalization of child pornography in the United States, and the current split among the U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeal regarding whether evidence of child molestation is sufficient to provide probable cause to search for evidence of child pornography. Part II examines the bases for the differing circuit court decisions, including the lack of consensus among empirical studies on the subject and the policy considerations that inform the probable cause inquiry. Finally, Part III argues that the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit properly concludes that evidence of child molestation does provide probable cause to search for evidence of child pornography because of the common sense, non-technical nature of the probable cause standard, the sufficient empirical support for the connection, and the policy concerns related to child molestation and child pornography. …" @default.
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• W2466822247 date "2016-04-01" @default.
• W2466822247 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2466822247 title "Probable Cause to Protect Children: The Connection between Child Molestation and Child Pornography" @default.
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