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• W2466886806 abstract "It is possible to build a historical case both for and against the unity of science and technology as a development of the contemporary era. Certainly, there is no doubt that science and technology combine these days to produce unified results in weaponry, space vehicles, nuclear reactors, and the like. Just as surely, the collaborative processes produc ing unified results do not necessarily imply intellectual unity; diversity and temporary alliances can produce unified results. It is clear that matters of intent, purpose, attitudes, and states of mind underlie the assessment of unity as a fundamental characteristic. Yet these are subjective concepts, very difficult as a matter of evidence for historians to establish. What exists in the mind is not easily determined by be havior. Nevertheless, it is these subjective elements, modified by their situational contexts, which chiefly account for the persistent disunity between science and technology. if we accept the premise that every human activity has some aim, end, or goal, let us say that the goal of science?as defined by the scientists themselves?is understanding nature, and that the goal of technology? as revealed by the actions and statements of the technologists?is making useful things. Let us say further that the scientific goal is understanding for its own sake, meaning for no other purpose than understanding; but the goal of technology is making useful things for the benefit of man and the needs of society, meaning a myriad of purposes defined and directed by men and society. Science, therefore, is, or should be, free, which means not controlled by men or society other than the scientists themselves. Technology, on the other hand, is subject to limitations, many of them economic or social, which are imposed by other than the technologists themselves. These propositions, it seems to me, are supported by the preponderant weight of historical evidence. If there are technologists who make useful things, not for themselves or others, but solely for the things themselves, those engineers are completely anomalous, not to say anonymous. The technologies are utilitarian, pragmatic, practical, and responsive to felt needs. What they make is always for the sake of something else, another purpose, or a line of other purposes. Science, on the other hand, has within the past three centuries established a general freedom from purposes imposed by, say, church and state. Galileo, we know, was forced to, and did, recant, but the control of" @default.
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• W2466886806 date "1968-01-01" @default.
• W2466886806 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2466886806 title "THE DISUNITY OF SCIENCE-TECHNOLOGY *" @default.
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