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• W2467226209 abstract "Unfortunately, one of the most obvious and historically consistent elements ofgender in media is the notable pervasiveness of representations of gender-based violence (GBV). The linkages in US media representation between masculinity andviolence, and between femininity and victimization, are frequently discussed andmuch studied. Feminist scholars have been examining such representations forseveral decades, since the 1970s, when groundbreaking analyses, including LauraMulvey’s essay “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema” (1975), Molly Haskell’s bookFrom Reverence to Rape (1974), and Gaye Tuchman’s essay on “The Symbolic Annihilation of Women in the Mass Media” (1978), highlighted the hostile and violenttreatment of women across many media forms, including US prime-time televisionand Hollywood film. Since that time, scholarship on GBV in pornography, Hollywood film, music videos, computer and video games, news coverage of sexual assaultand domestic violence, and certain television genres, including soap operas, forensicand police dramas, made-for-TV movies, and reality policing programs, has becomewell established. Feminist scholars assert that the objectification of women in massmedia not only is a pervasive problem, but also in many instances can be considereda form of violence against women. By treating female characters as objects to beobserved, handled, used, abused, and even discarded, mass media encourage us tothink of women and girls as less than human. Mainstream media tend to reinforceblaming of individual perpetrators and victims and to lack structural analysis andsocial explanations for gender-based violence, to circulate stereotypes of helplessvictims, to project cultural superiority when different nations or ethnic groups areinvolved.This chapter surveys our basic understanding of GBV in genres and forms thathave been carefully researched, and outlines some areas in which further investigationis needed. Particular focus is placed on newly emerging areas of emphasis, includingthe mainstreaming of pornography and pornography-style representation, increasingly problematic relationships between sexuality and sexual violence, and representations of global and international forms of GBV, including rape as a crime ofwar and human trafficking of sex workers. These emerging areas of investigationconstitute the most significant recent developments in our understanding of mediarepresentations of gender-based violence.While each of these three approaches has some advantages and information tocontribute to our general understanding of GBV representation, analytical approaches to the meanings generated through these various discourses on GBV haveproven to be more substantive than empirical approaches that focus on cause-effectrelationships between violent media images and real-world effects, or empiricalapproaches that focus on numerical understanding of these representations. This isbecause the establishment of cause-effect relationships between media imagery andreal-world effects, such as changes in cognition and behavior, are difficult to establishand/or prove; findings from such experiments have limited generalizability. Thesecond type of research on GBV in mass media, empirical content-analyses of mediaimagery that are broad based (for instance studying every episode of every crimedrama during a particular year and counting how many acts of violence of differenttypes occurred in them) can be helpful in establishing a framework of understandingof the scope of the issues related to media representation of GBV, but this approachtells us little about why imagery is important and how the details of representationdiffer from one text, genre, or medium to another. The most well-developed andmore currently active areas of study are focused on analyzing images and theirmeanings within texts rather than in interaction with the world outside of thosetexts. I focus on knowledge about representations of GBV that has been generatedthrough such textual analysis. I outline basic findings in a broad range of texts andgenres, drawing on the most recent examples of scholarship in key areas in whichscholarship on mass media representation of GBV is currently developing." @default.
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• W2467226209 date "2015-02-17" @default.
• W2467226209 modified "2023-09-22" @default.
• W2467226209 title "Mass media representation gendered violence" @default.
• W2467226209 doi "https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203066911.ch2" @default.
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