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• W2467535473 abstract "Absence of blue oak ( Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.) saplings and seedlings has been noted throughout much of the species range. Our ability to assess whether the present poor regeneration is a natural pattern or a response to human induced environmental change is limited by lack of data on the history of blue oak recruitment. In this study, stand age analysis is used to reconstruct former patterns of blue oak regeneration and recruitment in three blue oak woodlands on the Tejon Ranch, Kern County, California. Analysis of 279 cross-sections showed that 56% of all stems sampled were recruited in 1 856. Prior to 1 856, recruitment was relatively continuous. Only 3% of all stems stems aged date to the period from 1864 to the present. Analysis of fire scars found an increase in fire frequency during the 1850's and 60's, followed by a distinct decrease in fires for a 70 year period. Differing patterns of regeneration were found to coincide with changes in local land use. During Indian occupation of the area, the woodland appears to have been less dense, with a slow but steady process of replacement, adequate to maintain the woodland. Changes in fire frequency and browsing patterns, associated with European settlement in the mid19th century, resulted in unusually high rates of regeneration and recruitment. Since the 1860's, commercial livestock grazing, reduction of fire frequency, and an increase in density have resulted in virtually complete suppression of regeneration. Recent assessments of blue oak ( Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.) regeneration in California have found that recruitment of saplings to trees appears insufficient at the present time to replace many existing stands (Muick and Bartolome 1987; Bolsinger 1988). Stand age analyses have identified several periods of successful regeneration and recruitment since the mid-1800's. Evidence of blue oak recruitment during the period from 1860-1900 has been found in Monterey County (White 1 966), Sequoia National Park (Vankat and Major 1978), Yuba County and Tulare County (McClaran 1986). McClaran (1986) also found a period of successful regeneration on grazed sites in Tulare county between 1890-1940. At each site, a lack of regeneration has been noticed since the early 1900's, except the grazed sites in Tulare county where recruitment declined after 1940. White ( 1 966) noted that European settlement during the late 1 800's produced a period of dynamic land use, but felt that the changes Madrono, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 36-46, 1992 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.129 on Thu, 30 Jun 2016 04:06:37 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1 992] MENSING: BLUE OAK REGENERATION 37 were too varied to identify which factors may have affected regeneration. Vankat and Major (1978) suggested that successful regeneration occurred at a time when the Indian presence was diminishing and livestock grazing was increasing. They hypothesized that successful regeneration was initiated by livestock grazing, which both removed competing herbaceous species and decreased fuel levels, resulting in less intense fires. McClaran (1986) found no clear relationship between livestock grazing and regeneration; however, fire had a positive effect, with 70-85% of the trees becoming established within one year after a fire. Because of insufficient data on the long term regeneration history of blue oak, it is unclear whether the present pattern represents a natural cycle, or a response to environmental change associated with European settlement (Bartolome et al. 1987). The record of tree establishment prior to 1860 is poorly documented, because of both natural tree mortality and because study sites have been located in areas of extensive settlement where clearing has occurred. Recognition of natural patterns of regeneration and recruitment are also complicated by the ability of blue oak to resprout following cutting. In this study an area of woodland is examined that has been undisturbed by cutting throughout the period of European settlement. The presence of many very large trees at the site also provided the potential for obtaining a long temporal record. Evidence is presented that suggests regeneration was relatively continuous prior to European settlement in the mid-1800's, but has been generally absent since the late part of that century. Local land use and fire history are examined to explain the effect of land use on blue oak regeneration and recruitment. Study Site and Methods Location and physical description. Tejon Ranch is located east of Lebec in the Tehachapi Mountains in southern Kern County (Fig. 1). The ranch has been held as a single property since the 1860's, and includes some of the largest undisturbed oak woodlands in the state. The study area is at the southern edge of the range of blue oak. Three sites were chosen which had been selectively cut for firewood between 1982 and 1987. Tree cover was pure blue oak with an herbaceous understory. The sites were between 975-1150 m elevation, on Anaverde gravelly loam and Walong sandy loam (USDA Soil Conservation Service 1981). Slope averaged from 2025% with aspects of 45, 210, and 320 degrees. Sites each covered approximately 2.5 hectares, with a tree density of 224, 173, and 163 trees per hectare before cutting. Collection of crosssections. Cross-sections were collected from a total of 279 stumps. To test whether a subsample of stumps repThis content downloaded from 207.46.13.129 on Thu, 30 Jun 2016 04:06:37 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms" @default.
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• W2467535473 date "1992-01-01" @default.
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• W2467535473 title "THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT ON BLUE OAK (QUERCUS DOUGLASII) REGENERATION AND RECRUITMENT IN THE TEHACHAPI MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA" @default.
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