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• W2470037029 abstract "Forest openings create internal patchiness and offer different habitat qualities that attract wildlife, especially herbivores, that flourish along forest edges. But intense herbivory in these openings can reduce or eliminate herbaceous and woody species and thus influence local species composition and structure of the forest. This study in an old-growth bottomland hardwood forest in southeastern Arkansas compares plant colonization among experimental plots, which excluded white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), deer and swamp rabbits (Sylvilagus aquaticus), and control plots. After the third year, plant species composition and abundance were significantly affected by herbivores. 1 Research Ecologist, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Stoneville, MS; Mathematical Statistician, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC; and Research Wildlife Biologist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Juneau, AK, respectively. INTRODUCTION Old-growth forests of various types, which had developed with only low-intensity human disturbance, occupied much of the presettlement landscape of Arkansas (Holder 1970). European exploration and settlement of Arkansas began in the 16th century. Although the forests provided a valuable source of wood to European settlers, they were an impediment to farming. Wetland forests were especially threatened because at the time of European colonization wetlands were considered useful only after they were drained. The Swamp Land Acts of 1849–1850 granted swamplands in Federal ownership to the States to be reclaimed and disposed of; thereafter, widespread destruction of forested wetlands proceeded at a rapid rate (Turner and Craig 1980). Since colonial times almost half of the wetlands in the United States have been destroyed, and until recently thousands of acres were lost each year (MacDonald and others 1979). As a result, while old-growth forests are becoming less common throughout the United States, old-growth forested wetlands are even scarcer. Although much is unknown about old-growth forests, it is obvious that many of their characteristics are different from those of younger forests (Juday 1988, Runkle 1991). While numerous definitions of old-growth forests have been suggested, two features occur in many of these definitions: (1) trees die singly or in small groups, creating openings or gaps in which regeneration of seedlings can occur; and (2) large logs and snags account for many of the values of the forests (Runkle 1982, 1991). For example, they provide food, shelter, or germination sites for various plant and animal species (Harmon and others 1986). Conversely, in many younger eastern forests large-scale disturbances occur often enough to be the dominant influence on their structure and composition (Runkle 1982, 1991). Increased densities of deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and other herbivores that thrive in fragmented forests can alter plant species composition and structure (Alverson and others 1988). Swamp rabbits (Sylvilagus aquaticus) can be serious deterrents to the establishment of tree seedlings in wetlands. They clip seedlings at various heights above the ground and eat the tender parts (Blair and Langlinais 1960). Although there have been numerous studies of the effects of white-tailed deer on forests (Anderson and Loucks 1979, Alverson and others 1988, Griffin 1976, Richards and Farnsworth 1971, Ross and others 1970, Stewart and Burrows 1989), deer habitat and behavior vary considerably from one part of the country to another, and their effects on different plant species vary. Therefore, local studies are indispensable in answering questions about the effects of deer on a particular forest type (Strole and Anderson 1992). Moreover, the consequences of disturbance regimes and herbivory on old-growth bottomland hardwood forests are not well known because there have been few studies on the remaining old-growth wetland forests. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of white-tailed deer and swamp rabbits on plant species diversity. Specific objectives include testing the hypotheses that species composition of tree regeneration is independent of white-tailed deer or combined white-tailed deer and swamp rabbit use of gap openings; and that plant species richness, abundance, and diversity within gaps are independent of white-tailed deer or white-tailed deer and swamp rabbit use. The study area (Moro Bottoms) is a 40-ha old-growth bottomland hardwood forest located in Cleveland County, AR. It is part of a larger area owned by the Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission and the Arkansas Nature Conservancy. Dominant tree species at Moro Bottoms are oaks (Quercus falcata var. pagodifolia Ell., Q. nigra L., Q. lyrata Walt., Q. alba L., Q. phellos L., Q. michauxii Nutt., Q. velutina Lam.), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), and baldcypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.], with several hickory species [Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt., C. ovata (Mill.) K. Koch and C. cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch]. The small tree and shrub layer includes ironwood (Carpinus caroliniana Walt.), Carolina ash (Fraxinus caroliniana Mill.)," @default.
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• W2470037029 date "2001-01-01" @default.
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• W2470037029 title "The Effect of Herbivory by White-Tailed Deer and Additionally Swamp Rabbits in an Old-Growth Bottomland Hardwood Forest" @default.
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