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• W2470394141 abstract "The first aggregation pheromone components from a pine bark beetle were identified in 1966 as a mixture of ipsdienol, ipsenol and verbenol from Ips paraconfus. Since then, a number of additional components have been identified as both aggregation and antiaggregation pheromones, with many of them being monoterpenoids. The structural similarity between the major pheromone components of bark beetles and the monoterpenes found in the host trees, along with the association of monoterpenoid production with plant tissue, led to the paradigm that most if not all bark beetle pheromone components were derived from host tree precursors, often with only a simple hydroxylation to produce the pheromone. In the 1990s there was a paradigm shift as evidence for de novo biosynthesis of pheromone components began to accumulate, and it is now recognized that most, but not necessarily all, pine bark beetle monoterpenoid aggregation pheromone components are primarily biosynthesized de novo. The bark beetle aggregation pheromones are released from the frass, which is consistent with the isoprenoid aggregation pheromones, including ipsdienol, ipsenol and frontalin, being produced in midgut tissue. It appears that exo-brevicomin is produced de novo in fat body tissue, and that verbenol, verbenone and verbenene are produced from dietary α-pinene in fat body tissue. Combined biochemical, molecular and functional genomic studies in Ips pini yielded the discovery and characterization of the enzymes that convert mevalonate pathway intermediates to pheromone components, including a novel bifunctional geranyl diphosphate synthase/myrcene synthase, a cytochrome P450 that hydroxylates myrcene to ipsdienol, and an oxidoreductase that interconverts ipsdienol and ipsdienone, presumably to help achieve the appropriate stereochemistry of ipsdienol for pheromonal activity. Furthermore, the regulation of these genes and their corresponding enzymes proved complex and diverse in different species. Mevalonate pathway genes in pheromone-producing male I. pini exhibit much higher basal levels than in females, and feeding induces their expression. In I. duplicatus and I. pini, juvenile hormone III (JH III) induces pheromone production in the absence of feeding, whereas in I. paraconfusus and I. confusus, topically applied JH III does not induce pheromone production. In all four species, feeding induces pheromone production. Many of the details of pheromone production, including the site of synthesis, pathways and knowledge of the enzymes involved, are known for Ips, and recent work has done much to unravel the processes of pheromone production in Dendroctonus. Recent genomic studies in D. ponderosae are rapidly increasing our understanding of pheromone production in this genus. This chapter presents a historical development of what is known about pheromone production in bark beetles, emphasizes the genomic and postgenomic work in I. pini and D. ponderosae and points out areas where research is needed to obtain a more complete understanding of pheromone production." @default.
• W2470394141 created "2016-07-22" @default.
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• W2470394141 date "2016-01-01" @default.
• W2470394141 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
• W2470394141 title "Pheromone Production in Pine Bark Beetles" @default.
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• W2470394141 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aiip.2016.02.002" @default.
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