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- W2471279723 abstract "Associative learning is an essential brain process where the contingency of different items increases after training. Associative learning has been found to occur in many brain regions [1Asaad W.F. Rainer G. Miller E.K. Neural activity in the primate prefrontal cortex during associative learning.Neuron. 1998; 21: 1399-1407Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (430) Google Scholar, 2Petrides M. Deficits on conditional associative-learning tasks after frontal- and temporal-lobe lesions in man.Neuropsychologia. 1985; 23: 601-614Crossref PubMed Scopus (354) Google Scholar, 3McCormick D.A. Thompson R.F. Cerebellum: essential involvement in the classically conditioned eyelid response.Science. 1984; 223: 296-299Crossref PubMed Scopus (651) Google Scholar, 4Henke K. Buck A. Weber B. Wieser H.G. Human hippocampus establishes associations in memory.Hippocampus. 1997; 7: 249-256Crossref PubMed Scopus (290) Google Scholar]. However, there is no clear evidence that associative learning of visual features occurs in early visual areas, although a number of studies have indicated that learning of a single visual feature (perceptual learning) involves early visual areas [5Hua T. Bao P. Huang C.B. Wang Z. Xu J. Zhou Y. Lu Z.L. Perceptual learning improves contrast sensitivity of V1 neurons in cats.Curr. Biol. 2010; 20: 887-894Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (106) Google Scholar, 6Li W. Piëch V. Gilbert C.D. Perceptual learning and top-down influences in primary visual cortex.Nat. Neurosci. 2004; 7: 651-657Crossref PubMed Scopus (366) Google Scholar, 7Yotsumoto Y. Watanabe T. Sasaki Y. Different dynamics of performance and brain activation in the time course of perceptual learning.Neuron. 2008; 57: 827-833Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (229) Google Scholar, 8Yotsumoto Y. Sasaki Y. Chan P. Vasios C.E. Bonmassar G. Ito N. Náñez Sr., J.E. Shimojo S. Watanabe T. Location-specific cortical activation changes during sleep after training for perceptual learning.Curr. Biol. 2009; 19: 1278-1282Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (92) Google Scholar]. Here, via decoded fMRI neurofeedback termed “DecNef” [9Shibata K. Watanabe T. Sasaki Y. Kawato M. Perceptual learning incepted by decoded fMRI neurofeedback without stimulus presentation.Science. 2011; 334: 1413-1415Crossref PubMed Scopus (318) Google Scholar], we tested whether associative learning of orientation and color can be created in early visual areas. During 3 days of training, DecNef induced fMRI signal patterns that corresponded to a specific target color (red) mostly in early visual areas while a vertical achromatic grating was physically presented to participants. As a result, participants came to perceive “red” significantly more frequently than “green” in an achromatic vertical grating. This effect was also observed 3–5 months after the training. These results suggest that long-term associative learning of two different visual features such as orientation and color was created, most likely in early visual areas. This newly extended technique that induces associative learning is called “A-DecNef,” and it may be used as an important tool for understanding and modifying brain functions because associations are fundamental and ubiquitous functions in the brain." @default.
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- W2471279723 date "2016-07-01" @default.
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- W2471279723 title "Learning to Associate Orientation with Color in Early Visual Areas by Associative Decoded fMRI Neurofeedback" @default.
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- W2471279723 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.014" @default.
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