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• W2471567696 abstract "A challenge that limits high-latitude paleo-environment investigationsis the lack of foraminiferal shell-bearing sediments for stratigraphyconstructions. In the Arctic, the Mn-rich brown layers have been proposedas a new approach to establish glacial-interglacial timescale stratigraphy,but their formation mechanisms remain unclear. Until now, only a limitednumber of sediment cores with Mn-rich brown layers have been studied,and it has been argued that these layers were formed by diagenesis.During past several years, China expeditions have collected many sedimentcores from the western Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea offering an opportunityto investigate sediment color cycles in these regions. In this study,we have studied 14 sediment cores from wide geographic and topographicregions including basin, continental slope, continental shelf, andoff-shore deep-sea. First, core images were taken by a line scan cameraand high-resolution color reflectance was measured by a spectrometer.Second, core sediments were scanned at 1 cm resolution by an XRF corescanner to obtain element content variations. Third, sediment layerswith maxima and minima Mn based on XRF data were analyzed by ICP-OESand ICP-MS to crosscheck the reliability of XRF results and provideprecise element concentration. Our results show that 9 cores fromslope and basin of the western Arctic bear color cycles which canbe effectively indicated by a */ b * ratios, as a * ischromatic value from green to red while b * is chromatic value from blue to yellow. In each of these cores, a */ b * ratios co-varywith contents of Mn and some other redox sensitive trace elementssuch as Cu, Co, Ni, and especially Mo. Data comparison shows thatMnO and Mo concentrations at peak values in the cores gradually decrease,respectively, from 5.22% and 80 ppm on the slope to nearly 1% and30 ppm in the central basin, whereas minimal MnO and Mo concentrationsin these cores always stay around 0.1% and <10 ppm, respectively.By contrast, the 5 sediment cores from Bering Sea, continental shelfand off-shore deep-sea of the Western Arctic show (i) no cycle incolor, a */ b *, Mn, or Mo, (ii) no correlation between a */ b *, Mn, or Mo, and (iii) generally verylow MnO and Mo contents comparable to average values of weatheredcontinents. Based on independent stratigraphy of several cores andconsidering previous work in this region, we propose the followingmechanism for the formation of sediment color cycles in the WesternArctic. During interglacial, a substantial amount of weathered terrigenousMn-bearing minerals and Mn2+ containing waters are transportedby rivers into continental shelves of the Arctic Ocean, where manyminerals are subsequently weathered to release additional Mn2+. Although upper waters on continental shelves are oxidizing, bottomwaters are more reducing due to the respiration of organic matter,which prevents Mn2+ in waters from being oxidized intoMnO x deposits in sediments. This leavessignificant amount of Mn2+ to be transported to the Arcticbasin by Pacific waters entered through the Bering Strait. Furthermore,Mn-bearing debris carried by sea ice during winter is moved towardsthe Arctic basin during summer. On the Arctic slope, Mn2+ is oxidized and deposited in the form of MnO x due to little organic matter, making sediments brown color.Also, most Mn-bearing debris is deposited because summer sea ice boundaryis located around the slope. Remaining Mn2+ is then furtherdispersed into other areas in oxidizing waters by ocean currents andis eventually deposited to form brown sediments at depth. While duringglacial periods, cold climate and reduced continent exposure due tomore extensive ice cover would decrease Mn transportation to the Arctic,resulting in the formation of yellow or dark-grey sediments with low-Mn.If diagenetic influences can be taken into account, cycles of colorand Mn content could be used as indicators for glacial-interglacialcycles in the Western Arctic." @default.
• W2471567696 created "2016-07-22" @default.
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• W2471567696 date "2016-01-01" @default.
• W2471567696 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2471567696 title "Sediment color cycles and their causes in the western Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea" @default.
• W2471567696 doi "https://doi.org/10.1360/n972015-00632" @default.
• W2471567696 hasPublicationYear "2016" @default.
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