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• W2472093532 abstract "An insect outbreak is an explosive increase in abundance that occurs over a short period. Such outbreaks of rice planthoppers often have devastating economic impacts when crops are completed destroyed. Outbreaks are rare and occur when the natural control ecosystem services are compromised, either by natural events such as floods and drought or agronomic practices, such as excess use of fertilizers and pesticides. Planthoppers are monophagous insects moving from rice fields to invade other fields and, in fields that are vulnerable, they increase exponentially to outbreak proportions. Thus, when outbreaks occur frequently, it is a sign of instability in the production environment. Another sign is the rapid development of insecticide resistance caused by pesticide abuse. High ecosystem services in rice fields are derived from sufficient arthropod biodiversity, especially in the species richness of predators and parasitoids. On the IRRI farm when insecticide use decreased by 95%, arthropod biodiversity was restored and planthopper outbreaks became negligible. Since planthoppers are r-strategists, which have high migratory ability, high reproductive capacity, and a short life span, their populations would be more effectively managed at the regional scale. Ecological engineering techniques can be used to enhance local biodiversity to increase ecosystem services. Pest outbreaks are a sudden explosive increase in a pest population, often associated with changes in the ecosystem brought about by external environmental disturbances. These disturbances include warm or dry weather, elevated temperatures, floods, gales, and pesticide sprays. Outbreaks are generally rare and may be considered abnormal since most fields do not always experience them (Barbosa and Schultz 1987). However, pest outbreaks often receive a great deal of attention because of their sudden and devastating effects. Ecologists have been concerned about the diversity of life strategies and Mac Arthur and Wilson (1967) coined the r-K continuum, a rather simplified way, but still very useful, of providing some insights into population characteristics of pests. The r-strategists are opportunists, selected for their characteristic of maximizing food intake and exploiting their ephemeral habitats. The K-strategists, on the other hand, are selected for their efficient food-harvesting behavior and their populations are regulated" @default.
• W2472093532 created "2016-07-22" @default.
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• W2472093532 date "2010-01-01" @default.
• W2472093532 modified "2023-09-29" @default.
• W2472093532 title "Are planthopper problems caused by a breakdown in ecosystem services" @default.
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