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• W2472911541 abstract "Europe in the past has twice been perceived as a social entity, at the beginning of the Christian era as the original Roman Empire and during the high Middle Ages revived as the Holy Roman Empire under the Hohenstaufen dynasty. After five hundred years of deep fragmentation under the Absolutist and subsequent Nation State, we are in this century again witnessing a distinct and sustained movement towards European unity, which is having a strong impact on wage relations. Two recent events can be seen as milestones in this process of unification: the collapse of the East-West division between the Capitalist and Socialist states and the creation of the Single Market accompanied by the European Monetary Union (EMU). Wage relations in Europe Wage relations in Europe confront us with a very contradictory picture: statically they exhibit a bewildering disparity whilst, conversely, the orientation of change betrays a degree of convergence. Wage levels are so hugely different across Europe that it hardly matters how they are expressed - in agreed rates or effective pay, whether gross or net, annual averages or hourly rates, inclusive or exclusive of indirect wages and related benefits, before or after tax, using currency exchange rates or purchasing power parities for comparison, etc. The highest (in Western Europe) are more than twenty times the lowest (in Eastern Europe). Even within the European Union (EU) variations, for instance between Greece and Germany, are in a ratio of about 1 to 5. These are in fact not simply different levels measured against the same yardstick: the extent of variation expresses disparities in the function or nature of wages in the respective societies. The organisation of wage relations between the 'social partners' (labour and capital-land ownership being an historically obsolete rent relation) is similarly diverse. Labour may be organised in trade associations or industrial labour unions, according to political affiliation or as general unions, at local or at national level. Similarly, capital organisation may present itself as individual companies or industrial employers' federations, at local, regional or state level, divided between (small) craft and (large) industrial firms and between sectors in various ways. The organisations may be representative of their members only or of defined sectors and their competencies and activities are diverse. In Eastern Europe the employers' organisations tend to be weak and unrepresentative, whereas in most west European states they cover virtually all sectors of the economy as legally recognised partners for agreements. In west European states there is great variety in the means of state intervention in wage setting, such as determining levels through a statutory minimum in France and the Netherlands, conveying statutory status to wage agreements in Germany," @default.
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• W2472911541 date "2000-01-01" @default.
• W2472911541 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2472911541 title "Wage relations and European wage policy" @default.
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