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• W2473079742 abstract "If you want to understand how a complex electronicdevice works, you might start by obtaining a circuitdiagram. A sufficiently knowledgeable engineer could usethe diagram not only to determine what the device cando, but also to build a copy of it. When it comes to thebrain, things are not so simple. For several decades,neurobiologists have struggled to understand how themammalian brain carries out the computations thatmediate perception, cognition and behavior, and how thecircuits responsible for these computations emerge duringdevelopment. A major hindrance to these studies hasbeen the limited ability of available methods to describethe actual patterns of connections between neurons.Despite these technical limitations, a good deal is knownabout the organization and development of complexneural circuits. In the cerebral cortex of adult mammals,individual neurons are known to make precise axonalprojections to specific cortical layers (Fig. 1) [1-3], aswell as to functionally distinct compartments formingcolumns that run perpendicular to the cortical layers[4-6]. The latter compartments are exemplified by theocular dominance and orientation columns in the visualcortex, which are respectively specific for the leftor right eye and for the orientation of a contour in avisual stimulus.The mechanisms guiding the development of thesecircuits have been studied intensively by a number ofinvestigators (for recent reviews see [7-9]). Anatomicalstudies have revealed that the axonal arbors of developingneurons undergo considerable activity-dependent reorga-nization as they strive to find functionally appropriatecolumns with which to connect, while layer-specificprojections are formed with great precision from theoutset [9]. It is believed that during development ofcolumn-specific projections, transient connections areformed that allow neurons to use activity patterns todetect their correct synaptic partners.However, the anatomical studies that provide the basisfor our understanding of how such circuits developprovide only indirect information about whether con-nections are being formed at higher densities in somelocations than others. Crucial information about subtlechanges in connectivity that might occur as maturationproceeds is lacking, but is required to assess the role ofactivity-dependent mechanisms in shaping cortical cir-cuitry. Recent methodological advances are at lastmaking it possible to obtain this important information.In a recent paper in Science [10], Matthew Dalva andLawrence Katz of Duke University describe experimentsin which a novel scanning-laser 'photostimulation'method is used to follow developmental changes in theorganization of functional connections in primary visualcortex. The expectation is that this method will allownot only developing, but also adult, cortical circuits to beunderstood in considerably greater detail.In a 1979 Scientific American article entitled ThinkingAbout the Brain [11], Francis Crick stated that amethod that would make it possible to inject one neuronwith a substance that would then clearly stain allthe neurons connected to it, would be invaluable.Studies of neural circuitry using photostimulation dependon the use of latent, 'caged' forms of neurotransmitterFig. 1. Neurons in the cerebral cortexform precise patterns of axonal projec-tions. The diagram shows the patterns ofaxonal (blue) and dendritic (red)arborizations formed by neurons withcell bodies in different layers of theprimary visual cortex. Although the pro-jection patterns show considerablespecificity, there is a good deal of ambi-guity about the actual patterns of con-nections. The resolution of thisambiguity should be facilitated by thenew technique of scanning laser photo-stimulation [10] described in the text.(Adapted from [1].)1010" @default.
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• W2473079742 title "Shedding light on neural circuits The ability to locally activate neurons in living brain slices by using light to release 'caged' neurotransmitter allows the organization and development of neural circuits to be studied at a hitherto impossible level of detail." @default.
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