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- W2474225569 abstract "Due to the failure of political integration as early as the 1950s—notably with the rejection of the European Defence Community by France in 1954—the European Community has been mainly geared towards economic integration. This was reflected in the nature of the Treaty of Rome adopted in 1957 with the establishment of the ‘four freedoms’ (circulation of goods, services, capital and people) as the cornerstone for building a common market. Insofar, the genealogy of European integration is intrinsically liberal (Gillingham 2003; Denord and Schwartz 2009). As explained in the previous chapter, liberalization policies have been at the heart of the re-launch of EU integration since the adoption of the Single European Act in 1986. The opening of national markets to foreign competitors and the end of national monopolies has been particularly evident in sectors which have a general interest dimension (energy, transport, post, etc.) and had been protected from competition under the regime of mixed economies in the post-war era. Originally, liberalization only affected the industrial segments of markets and infrastructures. Progressively, however, the scope of liberalization has been extended to services to the wider public. This has gone hand in hand with the acceleration in the 1990s of treaty revisions extending the scope of EU competences, on the one hand, and the rise of the politicization of EU matters, on the other. According to N. Jabko, the process of market integration re-launched in the late 1980s can be seen as a ‘quiet revolution’, while ‘market reform reached deep into economic and social structures’ (2006, p. 6). As Jabko deals with the consensus on market making among national governments, resistance within societies is overlooked. This leads him to overemphasize the consensual nature of EU politics and neglect the genuinely conflict-laden nature of integration through the market." @default.
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- W2474225569 date "2016-01-01" @default.
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- W2474225569 title "Resistance to Liberalization" @default.
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- W2474225569 doi "https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57104-5_3" @default.
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