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• W247597084 abstract "Buried deep within the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended, (1) lies a powerful, yet little used, weapon in the growing arsenal of executive powers in the area of international trade. Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act, also known as the security clause, provides that upon a finding by the Secretary of Commerce that imports of a given article threaten to impair the national the President shall have the authority to take action to U.S. imports to protect the national security. (2) While infrequently exercised, (3) and little discussed, (4) this delegation of authority is not trivial in its scope. The U.S. Supreme Court unanimously affirmed what amounts to virtually absolute executive discretion under the statute to determine both when action is appropriate, and what action is necessary to imports under the circumstances. (5) Thus, the President presides over a power which theoretically could be invoked at any time, and against which there is no private remedy and only limited congressional control. Nor has this power remained an abstraction. On the contrary, Section 232 has been invoked as the basis for a range of significant actions, including nearly two decades of oil import quotas; (6) economic sanctions against Libya; (7) and voluntary restraint agreements (VRAs) with Japan and Taiwan affecting U.S. imports of machine tools. (8) Thus, while the majority of petitions filed under the statute have not led to import adjustments, (9) the statute has continued to be viewed by successive Presidents as a viable, legitimate, and proprietary source of executive trade authority. While there is little question that Section 232 provides the President with great discretion to restrict imports, important practical and theoretical questions remain essentially unanswered--namely, what is security, and, how might imports threaten national security? Unfortunately, neither the statute nor its implementing regulations provide a clear definition of national security. Nor do they explain the interests that the statute is intended to protect. This absence of clarity has left the statute open to the charge that it is little more than a facade covering an essentially protectionist purpose and effect--a perception that has been fueled by a line of petitions filed over the last thirty years on behalf of industries which clearly have little connection with common notions of national security. (10) With these considerations in mind, the question that this Note seeks to address is how to distinguish commercial interests from security interests for the purposes of Section 232. Part I provides an overview of the statute itself, starting with a discussion of the overall policy setting within which Section 232 operates, and including a brief overview of the statute's legislative history. Part II then analyzes the interests protected by Section 232 by examining its use in the past. Part II departs from the specific statutory analysis, and takes a comparative look at multilateral approaches to national security restrictions on imports. The first section of Part III analyzes national security provisions under the multilateral trade regime established by the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). (11) This is followed by an analysis of the approach taken within the narrower confines of the European Community (EC). Both examples are intended to illustrate alternative, and perhaps more coherent, approaches to defining and implementing national security import controls. This Note argues that these approaches do a better job of distinguishing between threats that are essentially commercial in nature and those that are legitimately linked to national security. PART I OVERVIEW OF SECTION 232 The Policy Setting The President's legal authority to adjust imports for purposes of national security originated in a series of trade acts enacted in the 1950s that extended the President's authority to negotiate bilateral trade agreements. …" @default.
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• W247597084 date "1991-03-22" @default.
• W247597084 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W247597084 title "Waiting for the Big One: Principle, Policy, and the Restriction of Imports under Section 232" @default.
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