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- W2483680003 endingPage "212" @default.
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- W2483680003 abstract "The essence of the Canton system by which China's European trade was regulated from 1760 to 1834 was hierarchic subordination: first, of the foreign traders to the licensed Chinese monopolists, known collectively as the ‘Cohong’; and second, of the Cohong members to the imperially-appointed superintendent of maritime customs at Canton, known to Westerners as the ‘Hoppo’. In legal-political terms, power was exerted downward in this hierarchy. The imperial officials at Canton, not only the Hoppo but also the governor of Kwangtung and the governor-general (or ‘viceroy’) of Kwangtung and Kwangsi, issued orders and regulations to the Cohong members and might jail or disgrace them for non-compliance; and they customarily refused any direct contact with the British East India Company's Select Committee at Canton, preferring to transmit orders to them via the hong merchants." @default.
- W2483680003 created "2016-08-23" @default.
- W2483680003 creator A5080097211 @default.
- W2483680003 date "1978-06-05" @default.
- W2483680003 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
- W2483680003 title "The Canton trade and the Opium War" @default.
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- W2483680003 doi "https://doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521214476.005" @default.
- W2483680003 hasPublicationYear "1978" @default.
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