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• W2487434121 abstract "Since the early 1990s, the relationship between Norway and the European Union EU became increasingly complex and accounts for about three quarters of the European legislation. Despite the outcome of the 1994 referendum on EU membership, the various Norwegian governments progressively decided to keep on deepening their cooperation with Brussels. The main objectives of this paper are to describe this complex Norway-EU relationship, how it evolved since the early 1990s, and how it constitutes a relevant example of both internal and external differentiated integration. An overview of the different types of differentiated integration and the evolution of its categorisation are firstly given. The range of agreements between Norway and the EU is analysed per policy areas. In order to explain why Norwegian governments adopted specific positions regarding European integration since the early 1990s, some explanatory factors are then briefly outlined. Finally, it is concluded that as full EU membership does not seem to be a politically viable option in Norway for the past decades, differentiated integration is likely to remain central in the long run. _____ Studies on regionalism tend to focus on explaining why states seek membership within a regional organisation (see e.g. Baldwin 1994; Laursen 2003). In the case of European Union [EU] integration, several competing theories have been put forward to explain the position of national political elites. Until recently, however, the literature on EU integration has mostly emphasised elite views on enlargement (see, inter alia, Schimmelfennig and Sedelmeier, 2005). But the diverse responses regarding agreements between states and the European Union which occurred in the 1990s has made the membership / non-membership dichotomy obsolete for fully understanding the relationship between states and the EU. Accordingly, there seems to be a lack of analysis on other forms of European integration, which are covered by the notion of “differentiated integration” (Holzinger and Schimmelfennig, 2012) and the authors further state that “empirical analysis has been limited to a few important cases of treaty law (such as the Economic and Monetary Union] and Schengen), but there are no comprehensive data sets” (p. 293). An explanation for this gap in the literature is the fact that until the early 1990s and the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty, discussions on differentiated" @default.
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• W2487434121 date "2013-01-01" @default.
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• W2487434121 title "Differentiated Integration and the Nordic States: the Case of Norway" @default.
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