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- W2488112006 abstract "It is axiomatic that in a democratic society there will be a multiplicity of competing and cooperating political actors in addition to political parties, acting independently of each other and of the political parties, promoting their own interests in a kind of political market place Alliances between such interest groups among themselves and with political parties and the political institutions, shift and reform constantly in that market-place of political influence. On the other hand, in the totalitarian phase of communist rule it was both theoretically and practically impossible for independent interests to exist. No interests, let alone organisations, could exist outside the control of the hegemonic party. To the extent that independent organisations or even parties appeared to exist for reasons of tactics or external image, these were in reality fronts, controlled directly or indirectly by the Communist Party, the state bureaucracy or even the security apparatus. However, by the last phase of communist rule, from the early 1980s, the situation had become considerably less black and white, as sporadic and precarious, though undeniably independent, forms of civil society began to emerge, seeking to carve out ‘party free’ areas. As we have seen, this was very much the approach of the Danube Circle, the Chartists and above all Solidarnosc and KOR. Hence the idea and even a certain limited experience of an independent civil society was by no means totally unknown in the Visegrad countries by the time of the fall of communism in 1989." @default.
- W2488112006 created "2016-08-23" @default.
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- W2488112006 date "1998-01-01" @default.
- W2488112006 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
- W2488112006 title "Other Political Actors" @default.
- W2488112006 doi "https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230373228_12" @default.
- W2488112006 hasPublicationYear "1998" @default.
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