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• W2488434523 abstract "The fabrication of rationally designed and interconnected nanotubes is vital to the development of nanotube electronics and nanotube biotechnologies. However, this is difficult to achieve using conventional processes (e.g., laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition). Various postgrowth methods have been reported, but they have been hard to implement and have been subject to defects. Nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) consists of self-ordered, hexagonally-distributed, and cylindrical nanopores with tunable diameters and depths. AAO is optically transparent and electrically insulating. AAO can be fabricated inexpensively and controllably through electrochemical anodization of ultrapure aluminum in aqueous acidic electrolytes. Controlled anodization of high purity aluminum has recently been demonstrated to have the potential of fabricating Y-shaped nanopores of AAO as well as hierarchically branched nanopores. These specifically designed nanopores were carried out in one electrolyte through a multi-step anodization with a sequential reduction of the anodization voltage by a factor of 1/√n (n≥2). The resistance of the barrier layer at the pore bottom and of the existing alumina layers, however, limits the range of voltage that can be used to further anodize aluminum. Here, we report an enabling, low-cost-of-entry technology to specifically fabricate interconnected, ordered nanopores of AAO. Using the two-step anodization process, we first anodized aluminum in a 0.3 M oxalic acid at 1 °C and 40.0 V for 2 h. Ordered nanopores (45±2 nm in diameter) grew at a constant current density of 2.5 mA/cm. After washing, we then anodized the remaining aluminum beneath the resulting oxide in 0.17 M phosphoric acid at 1 °C and 100.0 V for 2 h. Ordered nanopores (107±2 nm in diameter) grew again at a constant current density of 0.4 mA/cm. Interestingly, three small nanopores merged into one large nanopore, thus forming interconnected and fork-shaped nanopores. (Fig. 1). In our control experiments, we observed stable pore growths first in the 0.3 M sulfuric acid (20.0 V), then in 0.3 M oxalic acid (40.0 V), and finally in 0.17 M phosphoric acid (120.0 V) at constant current densities of 3.3, 5.0, and 0.7 mA/cm, respectively. It seems that hierarchically joined nanopores can be further fabricated if more electrolytes and/or higher voltages are used. (To avoid the occurrence of the breakdown or burning of AAO, the applied voltage should be lower than the breakdown potential of AAO in the electrolyte used.). Our speculative interpretation of the observed nanopore growth will be presented. This technology offers novel opportunities for both fundamental research and technological applications in nanotube electronics and biotechnologies, nanofluidics, photonics, and plasmonics." @default.
• W2488434523 created "2016-08-23" @default.
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• W2488434523 date "2007-01-01" @default.
• W2488434523 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W2488434523 title "Fabrication of Interconnected, Fork-Shaped Nanopores of Anodic Aluminum Oxide" @default.
• W2488434523 doi "https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2007-01/36/1297" @default.
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