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- W2491805690 abstract "A number of diseases are caused when cells are damaged or destroyed either due to trauma or a variety of genetic or immune disorders. This damage results in the lack of the body’s ability to produce critical molecules such as hormones, enzymes, or factors. A classic example is type 1 diabetes [1] that is a multifactorial disease wherein pancreatic β-cells are typically attacked by the immune system, leading to their destruction. Pancreatic β-cells are responsible for the production of insulin, a hormone that regulates glucose levels in the body. When there is signicant destruction of β-cells, patients are at risk for hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and eventual diabetic ketoacidosis, which can lead to severe illness or death. Similarly, several neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are caused by damage to nerve cells. In Parkinson’s disease, for example, there is considerable loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra leading to a dopamine-decient state [2,3]. Since these diseases are associated with the destruction of only specic cell types, the idea of replacing the defective or damaged cells with transplanted cells has been around for over 50 years. It has been argued that cells could be derived, multiplied, and transplanted from a variety of sources including the same individual (autotransplantation), a nongenetically identical individual of the same species (allotransplantation), or from other species (xenotransplantation). Although, in principle, autologous cells do not elicit an immune response, they are often compromised due to congenital factors, their retrieval requires additional surgery, and there is a challenge with the time required expanding these cells [4]. Hence, there is a demonstrated need for transplantation of allogenic or xenogenic cells. Xenotransplantation offers the possibility to overcome the acute shortage of human donors and could provide an effective therapy for several diseases (Figure 9.1). For example, animal insulin is fully active in humans and has been used for over 80 years. Pigs, for example, have glucose levels that are similar to humans, and porcine insulin is effective in humans [5]. Recent reports suggest that the transplantation of porcine fetal neuronal cells has resulted in some positive outcomes for patients with Parkinson’s or Huntington’s disease [6]. One major concern of transplantation of xenotransplantation is the cross-species transmission of infectious agents such as the porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) [7], but the magnitude and manageability of the risk are active areas of debate [8,9]." @default.
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- W2491805690 date "2013-08-23" @default.
- W2491805690 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W2491805690 title "Natural and Synthetic Nanoporous Membranes for Cell Encapsulation Therapy" @default.
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- W2491805690 doi "https://doi.org/10.1201/b15403-13" @default.
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