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• W24926172 abstract "The Fair Housing Act of 1968 prohibits discrimination in lending transactions that are related to home purchases, construction, repairs, improvements, or maintenance. For several years, of the law was difficult given the lack of readily available information to serve as a starting point in any examination of discriminatory practices. However, with the passage of the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) in 1975, which requires most lending institutions to report data on loan applications, the task has become less complicated. In 1977, a second law barring discrimination of this nature was enacted with the passage of the Community Reinvestment Act. This law makes it mandatory that banks meet the credit needs of the entire community, including lower-income neighborhoods, and it is directed primarily at geographic discrimination in lending activity (i.e., redlining). The issues of individual discrimination in lending and redlining gained national attention in the late 1980s with a Pulitzer Prize-winning series by the Atlanta Journal-Constitution (Dedman, 1988). That study examined racial patterns in mortgage lending by Atlanta's financial institutions, identified distinct racial differences in lending activity, and reported on the lending records of individual institutions. The results of the work were widely disseminated and the piece served as a catalyst for the first Justice Department lawsuit over discrimination in mortgage lending. Since then, increased reporting requirements have strengthened the HMDA database and it has become an important tool in the analysis of racial differences in mortgage activity. At present, HMDA records provide an array of statistics, including data on each applicant's race, income, loan amount requested, location of dwelling by census tract, and disposition of the loan (approved, denied, withdrawn, etc.), along with the reason for denial if the loan was not approved. In recent years, a number of studies have been undertaken that deal with the issue of discrimination in mortgage activity (see, for example, Bradbury, Case, and Dunham, 1989; U.S. News & World Report, 1995; Squires and Velez, 1996). Virtually all such studies indicate that sharp differences exist between mortgage approval rates for minority and nonminority applicants. Banks have regularly argued that HMDA records are an invalid indicator of discrimination since the statistics do not take into account an individual's credit history, employment history, and related economic circumstances that might affect a person's chances for loan approval. This point is valid and most researchers readily admit that HMDA statistics in and of themselves do not prove that discriminatory practices are taking place (see, for example, Schwemm, 1995: 322; Canner and Smith, 1992:881). However, the database does contain a considerable amount of information and provide an efficient and inexpensive way of screening for fair lending enforcement (Avery, Beeson, and Calem, 1997: 10). Although no one denies that major differences exist in approval rates for blacks and whites, a growing body of research raises questions about the degree to which redlining and individual discrimination are a problem. It is suggested by some that racial differences in lending approvals can be accounted for by factors such as homeownership rates, residential stability, family households, income, vacancy rates, and the age of housing stock (Perle, Lynch, and Horner, 1994; Lacker, 1995). Such arguments run counter to other studies that conclude that race is an important factor in lending decisions. Noteworthy among these is a study by the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston that found that even when controlling for poor credit histories, levels of debt, and related economic characteristics, race remained an important consideration for lenders (Munnell et al., 1992). It is well accepted that throughout much of this century race has been a consideration in mortgage lending decisions (Dane, 1993; Squires and Velez, 1996) and it is logical to assume that in at least some instances this situation remains unchanged. …" @default.
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• W24926172 title "Racial Disparities in Mortgage Lending The Example of Urban Ohio" @default.
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