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• W2493729071 abstract "We discuss several classical statistical laws that are important for understanding characteristics of research production and for its assessment. The statistical laws are grouped in such a way that the two much-used statistical approaches for the study of research systems and especially for the study of research publications (frequency approach and rank approach) are appropriately addressed. We begin with some remarks on the frequency and rank approaches to distributions and discuss why the frequency approach is much used in the natural sciences and the rank approach is widely used in the social sciences. Then the stable non-Gaussian distributions are described, and their importance for statistical methodology of research dynamics is emphasized. The laws of Lotka, Pareto, Zipf, Zipf–Mandelbrot, and Bradford are discussed from the point of view of their application to describing different aspects of scientific production. In addition to the discussion of statistical laws, we discuss two important effects: the concentration–dispersion effect (which reflects the separation of the researchers into a small group of highly productive ones and a large group of researchers with limited productivity) and the Matthew effect in science (which reflects the larger attention to the research production of the highly ranked researchers). In addition, we mention the invitation paradox (many papers accepted in highly ranked journals are not cited as much as expected) and the Ortega hypothesis (the big discoveries in science are supported by the everyday hard work of ordinary researchers). At the end of the chapter we discuss more general questions; relationships between the statistical laws and power laws as informetric distributions." @default.
• W2493729071 created "2016-08-23" @default.
• W2493729071 creator A5009076375 @default.
• W2493729071 date "2016-01-01" @default.
• W2493729071 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2493729071 title "Frequency and Rank Approaches to Research Production. Classical Statistical Laws" @default.
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• W2493729071 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41631-1_4" @default.

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