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- W2495563721 abstract "Dialectic properly begins with Zeno, its founder or inventor, who used an indirect form of argument to defend his master Parmenides’ paradoxical thesis of the immobility of the real against the Pythagoreans’ pluralism. Zeno maintained the impossibility of kinesis not by arguing in favour of his theory but by showing its contraries, change and motion, to be absurd or illusory. Such argumentum (or reductio) ad impossibile or ad absurdum was later analysed and otherwise commented upon in various places by Aristotle.1 Stated simply, as Aristotle did in the Prior Analytics, arguments per impossibile ‘infer syllogistically what is false, and prove the original conclusion [one’s own thesis] hypothetically when something impossible results from the assumption of its contradictory’ (41a23–6); or, as a modern logician laconically explains, it is a last resort in argument, consisting ‘in assuming the contradictory of what is to be proved and then looking for trouble’.2 Zeno’s method had an influence on Socrates in his deduction of contrary conclusions from the same hypothesis and in turn upon Plato, whose Parmenides (135d–136c) advises Socrates to practise this kind of argument. It influenced Gorgias’s proofs of philosophical nihilism in both substance and form, Protagoras’s view that contradictory conclusions could be constructed for every question, Euclid’s question-answer method characteristic of his school of dialecticians at Megara, and the antinomian arguments of the Dissoi Logoi, a late fifth-century Sophistic manual of theses with particular arguments pro and contra, to which Aristotle was probably referring, along with others like it now lost, at the conclusion of the Sophistical Elenchi.KeywordsThirteenth CenturyTwelfth CenturyHypothetical SyllogismDialectical ArgumentPublic DisputationThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves." @default.
- W2495563721 created "2016-08-23" @default.
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- W2495563721 date "1988-01-01" @default.
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- W2495563721 title "Dialectic: Antiquity to the Renaissance" @default.
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- W2495563721 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19072-0_3" @default.
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