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• W249654136 abstract "INTRODUCTION In January 1948, shortly after India gained its Independence from Great Britain, world was shocked by assassination of one of world's great peace builders, Mahatma Gandhi. His assassin, Nathuram Godse, a Brahmin member of Mahasabha (founded 1915), believed that Gandhi was not a good Hindu because he consistently insulted nation and had weakened it by his doctrine of ahimsa (non-violence). (1) As Godse's brother insisted, We wanted to show Indians that there were Indians who would not suffer humiliation--that there were still men left among Hindus. (2) The Godse brothers had been trained by RSS, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, an organization founded in Nagpur in 1925 by Dr. Keshar Baliram Hegevar to regenerate nation. The Sangh eventually gave rise to two political parties, Jan Sangh (now defunct) and Bharata Janiya Pafishad (BJP). Both parties centered on ideology of V.D. Savarkar, whose book, Hindutva Who is a Hindu? (1923) called for recognizing Hinduism as both a and a religion, essentially developing an indigenous race theory modeled on German nationalism and Aryan mythography. (3) In order to celebrate vitality and strength of a twice colonized nation, Sangh emphasized physical fitness, martial arts and paramilitary training. RSS members were especially active in northern India at time of subcontinent's Partition and played a key role in provoking communal riots in area. (4) Partition itself was viewed by RSS as a tragic division provoked entirely by Muslims. Although RSS was declared an unlawful association and leaders arrested after Gandhi's murder, ban on organization was lifted in 1951, and RSS re-emerged as a legal organization. Since then it has rebounded in a new, highly organized form with same nationalist agenda. An entire family of so called saffron organizations, Sangh Parivar, has evolved from RSS, including Vishwa Parishad (VHP), a religious organization; Bharata Janata Party (BJP) and Jan Sangh (now defunct), both political parties; Rashtra Sevika Samiti and Sadhvi Shakti Parishad, both women's organizations; and Bajrang Dal, youth wing of Vishwa Parishad. All of these organizations are dedicated to ideal of hindutva and construction of a powerful nation, rooted in notion of hegemonic masculinity. Women embody national honor, as heroic mothers and chaste wives. Men, however, are dedicated to ideal of warrior (5), a form of cultural nationalism that takes issue with certain minority groups. The Sangh Parivar organizations consider their enemies to be a) Indian followers of foreign religions (Islam and Christianity), b) Communists and their sympathizers, c) westernized members of Indian intelligentsia committed to secularism, and d) foreign powers. (6) This sort of thinking has polarized Indian society, particularly in north, pitting upper-caste and middle-class Hindus against Muslims, untouchables, converts to Islam and Christianity, and any who subscribe to the false dogma of secularism. Fanning flames of nationalism are acts of Islamist organizations based in Pakistan but operating in India. and Muslim extremists, both operating under banner of religion, fuel each other's violence. In December 1992, riots were provoked in six states of India in response to destruction of Babri Masjid, a 16th-century mosque built by first Mughal emperor, Babur, at Ayodhya. Muslims reacted predictably to nationalist claim that mosque stood on a site sacred to god Rama. When Vishwa Parishad mounted a full-scale campaign to liberate Rama's presumed birthplace and erect a temple there, Muslims responded with anger. It was in connection with next stage of project, planning construction of new Ram temple, that communal violence occurred in Gujarat in February 2002. …" @default.
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• W249654136 date "2008-09-22" @default.
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• W249654136 title "Restoring Harmony to Gujarat: Peace Building after the 2002 Riots" @default.
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