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• W249670908 abstract "Researchers have found that resilient youth have certain internal and external factors that help them overcome life's adversities. School counselors are often in advantageous positions to positively affect large numbers of youth by helping them develop resiliency factors. The purpose of this study was to determine what resiliency factors elementary and secondary school counselors most often address with their students and what techniques they use to increase resiliency. Most often counselors stated that they address self-worth, problem-solving, communication skills, caring for others, locus of control, school success and competency, self understanding, conviction that one is loved, self-efficacy, and not following crowd. Techniques most often used to increase resiliency included positive languaging, specific therapeutic approaches, skill building activities, direct teaching, games, social learning theory techniques, consultation, and questioning. Significant differences were found between elementary and secondary school counselors regarding which techniques they most often used to build each resiliency factor. Werner (1989), Garmezy (1971, 1987), and others have been researching resiliency for over 30 years, yet information is just now beginning to impact way school counselors work with children. Since Werner and Smith's (1992) research found that one of sources of resiliency processes may be specific individuals who work with children in schools, it is important that school counselors begin to use what is known about building resiliency to assist students in overcoming stressful situations. If resiliency characteristics impact how students succeed in school and life, what resiliency factors are counselors most often addressing, and what methods do they use to address them? It is purpose of this paper to describe results of two surveys of counselors in Texas regarding what resiliency factors they feel are important to address and what strategies they use to foster resiliency in youth. Definitions A variety of terms and phrases have been used to describe resiliency, such as stress-resistant (Luthar & Ziglar, 1991; Werner & Smith, 1992); ability to bounce back, to withstand hardship, to repair oneself (Wolin & Wolin, 1993), and hardiness (Florian, Mikulincer, & Taubman, 1995). Masten, Best, and Garmezy (1990) define resilience as the process of, capacity for, or outcome of successful adaptation despite challenging or threatening (p. 426). It can be expected that resilience, as well as vulnerability, changes over time (Masten et al., 1990). For purposes of this research, we adopted definition of Werner, who is one of leading pioneers in resiliency research. She states that resiliency is the successful adaptation following exposure to stressful life events (Werner, 1989). Stressors Resiliency factors mediate between stressors and outcomes. Different stressors may place a child at risk for different outcomes. It is also true that different resiliency factors may be required to prevent negative outcomes. The first category of stressors is developmental transitions, such as going to school for first time or entering puberty. A second category of stressors is chronic stressors, such as poverty, handicaps, and prejudice. Lastly, are acute stressors, such as death of a parent or sudden illness (Garmezy & Masten, 1990). Children are often exposed to multiple stressors that co-occur. For example, a child's parents may divorce, which may also result in lower income and a reduction in social status. When multiple stressors cooccur, effects may be multiplicative, not just additive (Pellegrini, 1990). Resiliency Factors Resiliency factors are specific mechanisms that ameliorate or buffer a person's reaction to a situation that in ordinary circumstances leads to maladaptive outcomes (Werner & Smith, 1992, p. …" @default.
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• W249670908 date "2002-03-01" @default.
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• W249670908 title "The Application of Resiliency Processes by School Counselors in Texas" @default.
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• W249670908 doi "https://doi.org/10.1080/15564223.2002.12034604" @default.
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