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- W249753073 abstract "Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of pyramidal and extrapyramidal disorders. Of some 20 million neurons descending from the motor cortex, only one million proceed to the pyramids of the medulla, decussating to form the lateral corticospinal tract. The remaining extrapyramidal or parapyramidal fibers are distributed to the basal ganglia, thalamus, red nucleus, pons, and the medullary reticular formation. The basal ganglia and cerebellum play a part in the planning or programming of movement as well as feeding back information through the thalamus to the motor cortex, correcting movements in progress. The final expression of extrapyramidal activity in the control of muscle tone and of coarse movements involving axial and proximal muscles is mediated by the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal pathways. The chapter also discusses the effect of lesions in the motor system. If a muscle is stretched suddenly and the stretch is sustained, the stretch reflex arc will be activated repetitively at 5–8 Hz. The chapter presents EMG studies of patients with extrapyramidal disorders. The tonic stretch reflex in Parkinson's disease is interrupted by tremor mechanisms so that the examiner elicits “cogwheel rigidity” on manipulating a limb through a range of movement at a joint. The chapter further presents the distinguishing features of the upper motor neuron syndrome." @default.
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- W249753073 date "1984-01-01" @default.
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- W249753073 title "Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal Disorders" @default.
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- W249753073 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-409-95144-8.50005-7" @default.
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