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• W2499230422 endingPage "254" @default.
• W2499230422 startingPage "219" @default.
• W2499230422 abstract "Earth's external magnetic field varies on timescales from radio frequency anthropogenic noise to the 11-year sunspot cycle, inducing electric currents throughout the entire crust and mantle. Electromagnetic energy dissipates exponentially over a characteristic length scale given by the skin depth, which increases with period and resistivity, spanning a few tens of meters for periods of a millisecond in sedimentary rocks to thousands of kilometers for periods of a year in mantle rocks. This energy is used to probe Earth's electrical conductivity structure by making frequency domain impedance estimates from transfer functions between surface electric and magnetic fields (the magnetotelluric method), and transfer functions between vertical and horizontal magnetic field components (the geomagnetic depth sounding method). Data can be collected using portable arrays of instruments, magnetic observatories, or satellite magnetometers. Impedances are in turn inverted for electrical conductivity structure, either as a function of Earth radius or for two- and three-dimensional models. Inversion of globally averaged data reveals a mantle in which conductivity increases with depth, from around 0.01 S m − 1 in the upper mantle, to about 0.1 S m − 1 in the transition zone between 400 and 600 km depth, up to about 2 S m − 1 in the top half of the lower mantle. Although poorly constrained, there is a suggestion that the lowermost mantle reaches conductivities of 10 S m − 1 . These models can be compared with laboratory measurements of mantle minerals to provide estimates of temperature and volatile content (particularly water) in the mantle. However, while the various laboratory studies of anhydrous minerals are in general agreement, the challenges associated with making high pressure measurements of minerals containing water have resulted in variations of up to an order of magnitude in laboratory conductivity models of hydrated minerals. The globally averaged radial conductivity profile is in general agreement with measurements of anhydrous minerals and some models of hydrated minerals, but there are likely localized regions where increased water content, and perhaps partial melting induced by water or decompression, will increase conductivity. The challenge for the future is to use global measurements such as those obtained from satellites to map such regions by inverting for three-dimensional Earth conductivity, in spite of the shielding effects of highly conductive surface oceans and sediments." @default.
• W2499230422 created "2016-08-23" @default.
• W2499230422 creator A5059879691 @default.
• W2499230422 date "2015-01-01" @default.
• W2499230422 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2499230422 title "Geomagnetic Induction Studies" @default.
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