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• W2500231486 abstract "I. IntroductionThe Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation declared this decade Decade of Vaccines.1 Vaccines are more effective and protect against more diseases than ever before;2 yet childhood immunization rates in the United States and many other industrialized nations are declining.3 Diseases that had been declared eradicated in the United States are increasingly reappearing.4 Most recently in early 2015, a large multistate measles outbreak was linked to an infected individual who had visited Disneyland in Southern California. A study concluded that the outbreak was likely a result of substandard vaccination rates.5The anti-vaccination movement can be traced to a paper published by British doctor Andrew Wakefield in 1998 that claimed there might be a connection between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism.6 The study has since been widely discredited.7 Not only was the study scientifically unsound, it was subsequently discovered that Wakefield had received around half a million British pounds from a lawyer preparing a class action against a producer of the MMR vaccine and that there were plans to start a company to sell diagnostic tests.8 The Lancet, the journal that originally published the article, retracted it, and the United Kingdom's General Medical Council revoked Wakefield's medical license.9 None-theless, the effects of the study still linger, and medical professionals attribute the growing clusters of parents who are refusing standard vaccinations to the study's lasting impact.10There is concern about the growing anti-vaccination movement and its dangerous implications.11 Successful eradication of vaccine-preventable disease depends on what scientists call immunity.12 That is because vulnerable people-like newborns and individuals receiving chemotherapy or immunosuppressive drugs-depend on the immunity of those around them to protect them from dangerous diseases. If there are enough people immunized against a disease within a community, it helps protect those who cannot be immunized. The percentage of people that must be vaccinated in order to establish herd immunity varies for each disease; for example, to keep measles from spreading, about 95% of the community needs to be vaccinated.13 While the average national vaccination rate falls above 90%,14 clusters of communities around the country have rates that fall far below that threshold, creating cause for concern.15 In the wake of the recent outbreaks, such as the one in California in early 2015, doctors and state legislators are looking for more effective ways to increase child immunization rates to levels that would accomplish herd immunity.This Note uses insights from behavioral law and economics to offer a new perspective on how this goal might be achieved.16 A variety of cognitive biases come into play when parents decide whether to vaccinate their children. These biases work together to cause predictable errors in risk assessment. An understanding of these biases is essential to those who wish to shape more-effective vaccine policy; in particular, knowledge of these biases will allow physicians and policymakers to more effectively target anti-vaccine parents and, most importantly, parents who are undecided on the issue but vulnerable to the anti-vaccine message.In order for vaccine policy to accomplish its goal of maximizing the number of immunized children, it should address these biases and attempt to counteract them. There is a range of regulatory possibilities. At one end, we have the status quo: states requiring children to be vaccinated before enrolling in school but providing medical, religious, and philosophical exemptions. On the other end, we have the approach: strict childhood vaccine requirements with no personal-belief exemptions. Somewhere in between lies the libertarian paternalistic approach: using debiasing strategies and nudging techniques, such as default rules, to counteract the risk-assessment errors resulting from cognitive biases. …" @default.
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• W2500231486 date "2016-02-01" @default.
• W2500231486 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W2500231486 title "Nudging towards Vaccination: A Behavioral Law and Economics Approach to Childhood Immunization Policy *" @default.
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