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• W2501426008 abstract "ABSTRACT Viroids are minimal RNA replicons composed by a single-stranded and highly structured circular small RNA able to infect plants and induce diseases. Viroids lack protein-coding capacity and are therefore parasites of their host transcription machinery. The small size, circularity, high G+C content, and presence of hammerhead ribozymes in some viroids, suggest their evolutionary origin in the RNA world. Phylogenetic reconstructions and structural and biological properties support a classification into two families—Pospiviroidae and Avsunviroidae—whose members replicate in the nucleus and chloroplast, respectively. Viroids may have a common origin with a class of small satellite RNAs with which they share structural similarities and a rolling circle replication mechanism involving hammerhead ribozymes. Inoculation with infectious viroid-cDNAs results in progenies readily accumulating genetic variation, with Avsunviroidae populations being more diverse than Pospiviroidae populations. Moreover, assuming that the fitness of a haplotype is determined by its ability to fold into the secondary structure of minimum free energy, the estimated per site deleterious mutation rate in the Avsunviroidae is 10-fold higher than in the Pospiviroidae. The dissimilar nuclear and chloroplastic RNA polymerases mediating replication in both families may influence their mutation rates, particularly when transcribing atypical RNA templates. Both families also differ in their structural robustness against mutation, with the Pospiviroidae rod-like structures being more robust than the Avsunviroidae branched structures (and the redundant variants of a specific viroid being more robust than their non-redundant counterparts). Chimeric viroids might have emerged from recombination between co-infecting viroids during transcription by a “jumping” RNA polymerase. Viroids polymorphic populations can be described by the quasispecies model of molecular evolution, and one of its main tenets (that a slow replicator outcompetes a faster one provided that the former is more robust against mutation) has been experimentally proven. Hosts play an important role in shaping the structure of viroid populations. Specific domains of the viroid secondary structure are responsible for symptom expression. Depending on their phylogenetic proximity, interactions between co-infecting viroids may result in interference (cross-protection) or synergism, both of which may be governed by RNA silencing mechanisms that may have shaped viroid structure and evolution as well. Wild plant species serve as symptomless reservoirs of certain viroids, while their spread and persistence in cultivated species is associated with agricultural practices." @default.
• W2501426008 created "2016-08-23" @default.
• W2501426008 creator A5001395924 @default.
• W2501426008 creator A5044184658 @default.
• W2501426008 creator A5074049279 @default.
• W2501426008 creator A5083068928 @default.
• W2501426008 date "2008-01-01" @default.
• W2501426008 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
• W2501426008 title "Structure and Evolution of Viroids" @default.
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