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• W250522093 abstract "Terrorism: Dilemmas of Multiculturalism, Monotheism, Violence The classical theorists, were deeply concerned with the impact of industry on society. They thought it promoted mechanical materialism and undermined social solidarity, relevant in our discussion of values such as culture, religion, consciousness of kind, a sense of being a People, and how we relate as groups. Marx was concerned with stratification, power, and the potential for alienation; Durkheim probed the role of social cohesion and sacred values. Industrial capitalism, in the days of Marx, was designed to give individuals freedom to do business without government interference. Making a margin of profit was most important to the industrialist, so that often factory workers became mere tools in making money. The profits belonged to the owner, and he could pass them on as an inheritance to whomever he wished. Those individuals could freely compete in the marketplace, seeking to gain an advantage over others. In the fray of competition there was a tendency to focus on private gains so extensively that workers and other people often were of secondary importance. This excessive individualism was of great concern to the classical theorists; which undermines nurture of a consciousness of kind and a distinctive identity that focuses not on material but on human needs. I. Sociology of Terrorism To provide a basic social context for why terrorism exists, let us introduce the early fathers of sociology, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber, who wrestle with what happens when humans are faced with increased industrialism which tended to alienate and frustrate human relations and social institutions (Driedger, 2001). Durkheim: Cohesion and Solidarity In the midst of the European industrial revolution, scholars also searched for the factors that provide cohesion and solidarity during periods of social change. Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) devoted himself to looking at elements of social cohesion and sacralization. What are the sustaining ties of community during the decline of the religious dogma of the old Catholic world, and where will new guides for the future lie? French society had for a long time been enfeebled by an excessive spirit of individualism which influenced Durkheim to seek the sources of social cohesion and solidarity. The social milieu and the industrial and political revolutions of Durkheim's time tended to weaken the structures of belief, authority, and community within which human beings had lived for centuries, even millennia (Nisbet, 1974:14). Durkheim was deeply concerned with the effects of the increasing emphasis on individualism. Individuals everywhere were dislocated from traditional associations and communities. Durkheim rejected this extreme individualism and saw it as leading to the destruction of community, values, and the social order. He focused on the coherence of society and the factors of collective solidarity. Alienation, anomie, and disintegration spelled non-society. Durkheim saw the crises of the modern age basically in terms of a disintegration of the roots of stability and authority (Nisbet, 1974:9). The marks of conservatism are clear in Durkheim's life and work and may likely have sprung from his own Jewish heritage where the sense of community was strong. While scholars such as Gabriel Tarde and Herbert Spencer focused on individuals, Durkheim, in contrast, saw society as the most important centre of attention. Ferdinand Toennies's Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, which Durkheim reviewed, was published in Germany in 1889. Toennies's discussion of community surely influenced Durkheim's thinking. Four years later (1893), Durkheim introduced the concepts of mechanical and organic solidarity in his first published work, The Division of Labor. These two polarities tend to convey the evolutionary trend of the time. He labeled labour in folk and rural societies mechanical solidarity; because adherents tend not to think about their structures very much, but follow tradition mechanically and without much evaluation. …" @default.
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• W250522093 title "Terrorism: Dilemmas of Capitalism, Monotheism, Multiculturalism, Violence" @default.
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