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• W2507246788 abstract "Densities of plant feeding nematodes were highest in range receiving additional water and nitrogen (H20 + N), however, biomass of plant feeders was not significantly increased. Populations of stunt nematodes were highest in the grazed treatment. Maximum numbers of 3 other plant feeding groups, ring, Tylenchidae and Dorylaimida, occurred iln the H20 + N treatment. Predaceous and microbial feeding nematode populations were also highest in the H20 + N treatment. Populations of plant feeding and predaceous nematodes peaked in early June and remained high throughout the growing season. Populations of microbial feeders also peaked in early June, but fluctuated through the sampling period. It appears the beneflts of additional water and nitrogen on plant growth are not offset by large increases in biomass of plant feeding nematodes. Nematodes are major consumers in the shortgrass prairie (Scott et al. 1979). They are also prevalent in other North American grasslands (Norton and Schmitt 1978, Freckman et al. 1979, Smolik and Lewis 1982). Cattle grazing and wildfire did not affect nematodes in a shrub steppe community (Smolik and Rogers 1976); however, in a mixed prairie in South Dakota plant feeding nematode biomass was decreased by heavy cattle grazing (Smolik and Lewis 1982). The objectives of the present study were to determine the vertical distribution of nematodes and effects of grazing, seasonality, and application of water and nitrogen on nematode populations in the shortgrass prairie. Additionally, results of this and an earlier study in a mixed prairie (Smolik and Lewis 1982) are also discussed. Materials and Methods This study was conducted in a shortgrass prairie of northcentral Colorado. Climatic and edaphic characteristics have been described by Dodd and Lauenroth ( 1979). Vegetation in the study area was dominated by Bouteloua gracilis, Opuntia polycantha, and Artemisiafrigida. In 1973 samples were obtained in mid-August from areas ungrazed since 1939 and from areas grazed heavily (ca. I AU M / ha) in summer and from another ungrazed area receiving additional water and nitrogen (Dodd and Lauenroth 1979). The water treatment maintained soil water at field capacity for the entire growing season, and annual spring applications of ammonium nitrate maintained soil mineral nitrogen levels at 100 kg/ha above adjacent nonfertilized areas. Six randomly selected cores were removed from each area to a depth of 60 cm, subdivided into 6 1 0-cm increments, labeled and placed in plastic bags. Samples were placed under ice in an insulated container and shipped to the senior author for nematode analyses. Nematodes were extracted, counted, and biomass determined as previously described by Smolik and Lewis (1982), except an additional taxonomic group (Criconemoides) was included. In 1974 soil cores were removed only from the water plus nitrogen (H20 + N) treatment on 7 dates in an attempt to measure seasonal effects on nematode populations. Authors are associate professors. Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007, and Range Management Division, University of Wyoming, Laramie 82077. This is Contribution No. 1768, South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. Manuscript received October 12, 1982. Results and Discussion Range Treatments The taxonomic groupings, genera or species within each group, individual weights, common name, and tropic levels are listed in Table 1. The analyses of variance for 1973 and 1974 data are summarized in Table 2. Significant main effect or interaction means were compared with Fisher's least significant difference (FLSD's) at the .05 level (Carmer and Swanson 1971). Total plant feeding nematode densities were highest in the H20 + N treatment (Table 3). The taxonomic groups comprising the plant feeders varied in their response to the range treatments. Highest populations of Tylenchidae and ring nematodes (Table 3) and plant feeding Dorylaimida (Fig. 1) occurred in the H20 + N treatment, while populations of stunt nematodes were highest in the grazed treatment. Biomass of total plant feeders (Table 3) and populations of the remaining plant feeding groups were not significantly different between treatments (Table 2). The Tylenchidae were primarily responsible for the increase in plant feeder densities in the H20 + N treatment (Table 3); however, they are comparatively small nematodes (Table 1) and they did not significantly increase biomass estimates. In addition, numbers of the larger stunt nematodes declined in the H20 + N treatment. The majority of the plant feeders occurred in the 0-1O and 10-20 cm sampling depths (Table 4 and Fig. 1), which was similar to their distribution in a mixed prairie (Smolik and Lewis 1982). The lack of a significant increase in plant feeding nematode biomass in the H20 + N treatment (Table 3) would seem to indicate that the treatment benefits are not offset by large increases in the nematode populations. However, nematode biomass estimates fluctuate considerably both between years and among dates within years (Smolik and Lewis 1982). More extensive sampling might have detected consistent differences. In addition, nematodes respond differentially to applications of water and fertilizer as Wallace (1963) indicates and as evidenced by the significant increase in ring nematodes (Table 3). It is possible that a longer duration study would have resulted in certain groups dominating in the H20 + N treatment. Highest populations of predaceous and microbial feeding nematodes occurred in the 120 + N treatment (Fig. 2 and 3). The majority of both groups occurred in the 0-10 cm sampling depth. However, the decline in numbers of predators with increasing sampling depth was less than that for microbial feeders. Similar results were observed in the mixed prairie study (Smolik and Lewis 1982). Seasonal Dynamics Maximum populations of total plant feeders occurred in early June and slowly declined during the remainder of the sampling period (Fig. 4). As in 1973 the majority of plant feeders occurred in the 0-10 and 10-20 cm sampling depths (Fig. 4). Peak plant feeding nematode biomass occurred in early July (Fig. 5) and ranged from 108 to 216 mg/ m2 through the sampling period. Highest populations of stunt nematodes were recorded in late July (Fig. 6). Spiral nematode populations were highest from May through early July (Fig. 7). The majority of stunt nematodes occurred in the 0-10 cm sampling depth (Fig. 6) whereas spiral nematode numbers were highest in 10-20 cm or deeper sampling JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT 36(6), November 1983 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.176 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 06:03:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Table 1. Trophic levels, taxonomic grouping, and weights used in comparisons of nematode densities and biomass. Trophic level Taxonomic group Common name Weight Genera or species within group Plant feeding Tylenchorhynchidae Stunt .055a Geocenamus sp. Merlinius sp. Tylenchorhynchus sp. Hoplolaimidae Spiral .054 Helicotylenchus leiocephalus, H. exallus Paratylenchidae Pin .013 Paratylenchus vexans Tylenchidae .032 Tylenchus exiguus, T. parvissimus, T. plattensis, Thada striata, Ditylenchus sp. Longidoridae Dagger .893 Xiphinema americanium, Xiphinema sp. Longidorus sp. Pratylenchidae Lesion .038 Pratylenchus sp. Pratylenchoides sp. Criconematidae Ring .050 Criconemoides sp. Dorylaimida .110 Axonchium sp. Diphtherophora sp. Dorylaimellus sp., Leptonchus sp., Pungentus sp. Trichodorus sp., Triplonchium spp. Tylenchlolaimellus spp., Tylencholaimus spp. Predaceous Dorylaimida .251 Aporcelaimellus spp. Carcharolaimus sp., Discolaimus spp. Discolaimium spp., Ecumenicus sp. Eudorylaimus spp., Mononchus spp. Nygolaimus spp. Thonus sp. Microbial feeding Rhabditida/ Araeolaimida/ .074 Acrobeles spp., Acrobeloides sp. Aphelenchina Anaplectus sp. Aphelenchus sp. Aphelenchoides sp., Cephalobus sp., Cervidellus sp. Chiloplacus sp., Eucephalobus sp. Mesodiplogaster sp. Panagrolaimus sp., Plectus sp. Wilsonema sp. aAverage dry weight (,4g) of an adult nematode within taxonomic group. Table 2. Summary of significance in analyses of variance of nematode density and biomass data, 1973 and 1974. Dorylaimida (plant feeding MicroBiomass Tylenexcl. Predabial Plant plant Stunt Spiral Pin chidae Dagger Lesion Ring Dagger) ceous feeding feeding feeding Date Source Probability of F 1973 Range .0322 .0763 .3615 .0407 .4824 .2557 .0049 .0028 .0029 .0012 .0323 .1448 Treatment Depth .0156 .0536 .0001 .0001 .0201 .0278 .0016 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 Treat X .0655 .5179 .9281 .1226 .5274 .0777 .0001 .0016 .0009 .0014 .2365 .2868 Depth 1974 Date .1025 .0016 .0331 .0001 .5614 .0828 .0269 .0430 .0369 .0037 .0001 .0941 Depth .0001 .0001 .0001 .0224 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 Date X .0077 .0002 .1883 .0048 .1478 .0072 .0001 .0314 .0255 .0001 .0001 .0243 Depth Table 3. Effect of range treatments on density of total plant feeders, stunt, Tylenchidae, ring nematodes, and biomass of plant feeders in a shortgrass prairie, N.E. Colorado, 1973. Treatment Total plant feeders Stunt Tylenchidae Ring Biomass, plant feeders Ungrazed 1,767,000 122,000 410,000 0 138' Grazed 3,480,000 315,000 594,000 0 195 H20 + N 4,244,000 137,000 1,590,000 128,000 242 FLSD (.05) 251,000 25,000 157,500 12,300 NS aNumber of nematodes/ m2 to 60 cm depth. bMg/ m2 to 60 cm depth. JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT 36(6), November 1983 745 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.176 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 06:03:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms DORYLAIMIDA PLANT FEEDING (EXCL. DAGGER) 3. H20 + N --GRAZED UNGRAZED FLSD .05 UIN~~~~ rc:22 2. z " @default.
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• W2507246788 title "Effect of Water and Nitrogen, and Grazing on Nematodes in a Shortgrass Prairie" @default.
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