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• W250899900 abstract "In Road to Middle-earth, T.A. Shippey observes that there is a strong association between Riders of Rohan in Tolkien's Lord of Rings and Anglo-Saxons of poetry and history, and more specifically that the chapter 'The King of Golden Hall' is straightforwardly calqued on (94). word calque is very useful for understanding this chapter, but it is only through Shippey's summarization of connections between two works that calquing becomes straightforward; Tolkien's use of first third of Beowulf as a source for Meduseld scenes actually forms, on closer examination, a concerted and pervasive rhetoric, built upon calquing function. Shippey defines this calquing as a piecemeal translation after which the derivative does not sound anything like its original but nevertheless it betrays influence at every point (77). Shippey, however, concentrates primarily on latter, similarities between two works, to exclusion of differences, wherein lies true complexity of The King of Golden Hall. This complexity is completely dependent on similarities, however, hence Tolkien's use of like/unlike (Shippey, Road 77) nature of a calque; likenesses, which are predominant early in chapter, act as signposts, creating a signaling effect that resonates throughout entirety of chapter, even as similarities progressively fade into differences. ultimate purpose of signaling effect is, I believe, to maneuver reader into interpreting main characters of second half of chapter primarily in terms of their counterparts in Beowulf, beginning with Theoden and Hrothgar, followed by Wormtongue and Unferth, and culminating in an unexpected connection between aged Gandalf and virile Beowulf that could not have been made without extensive network of connections previously built up between two works. It should be noted that this argument does assume a certain amount of conscious or unconscious authorial intention, which can be critically perilous. I hope to demonstrate, however, that concerted and progressive nature of connections made between two works makes argument both logical and worthwhile, especially in light of certain opinions Tolkien expressed about Beowulf in The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth. Tolkien's choice to name King of Rohan Theoden (Anglo-Saxon for lord, protector (1)) may seem simplistic, perhaps even redundant or lacking in creativity, to a student of Anglo-Saxon. Such a judgment would be premature, however. Ignoring for a moment implications of defining a character by his rank or position via his name, Tolkien is actually giving a not-so-subtle invitation to read Rohan story line in a particular Anglo-Saxon context. At beginning of The King of Golden Hall, in Two Towers (TT), this context is made clear. Gandalf identifies scene as he and remnants of fellowship approach Theoden's hall. 'Edoras those courts are called,' said Gandalf, 'and Meduseld that hall' (135). Edoras, presumably derived from Anglo-Saxon eoderas (sheltering building, enclosure), and Meduseld (mead-hall), a word drawn directly from Beowulf (3065), locate chapter in context of first part of Beowulf (Shippey, Road 94-95). golden makes this association all more certain, echoing Beowulf's own approach to hall of Hrothgar; Guman onetton, / sigon aetsomne, o[thorn] [thorn]aet hy sael timbred / geatolic on goldfah ongyton mihton (men hastened, marched together until they could see timbered hall, splendid and gold-adorned) (306-308). Gandalf's warning that lords of Rohirrim do not sleep (135) informs reader that, like Heorot, Meduseld is troubled. Such use of language is reader's first active signal that events of chapter, and following story line, are inherently connected to, and even critical of, first third of Beowulf; calquing that Shippey describes is, in effect, tool by which this signaling is achieved but signaling is itself merely a tool for criticism. …" @default.
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• W250899900 date "2006-01-01" @default.
• W250899900 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W250899900 title "Heorot or Meduseld?: Tolkien's Use of Beowulf in The King of the Golden Hall" @default.
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