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- W2509570791 abstract "In this chapter, we continue describing the long term effects of (early) environmental factors. However, whereas we focused on the behavioural alterations in the previous chapter, in this chapter we explain how such factor can have such profound and long lasting effects on the brain. We will describe two processes namely alterations in the structure of the (developing) brain and epigenetic alterations in gene regulation. There are different mechanisms through which environmental factors can alter the structure of the brain, namely through the immune system, the stress system and through alterations in neurotransmitters. It has become evident that many neurotransmitters, in addition to their role in neuronal communication, also function as neurotrophic factors in the developing brain. In the second part of the chapter, we describe the process of epigenetics. Epigenetic changes lead to increases or decreases in gene expression, which can be very long-lasting. In principle epigenetics changes can occur as a result of chemical modifications at the level on the nucleotides (such as DNA methylation), chemical modification at the level of the histones (such as histone acetylation or phosphorylation) or structure changes at the level of the nucleosome (such as nucleosome sliding or excision)." @default.
- W2509570791 created "2016-09-16" @default.
- W2509570791 creator A5001535045 @default.
- W2509570791 creator A5090891106 @default.
- W2509570791 date "2016-01-01" @default.
- W2509570791 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W2509570791 title "Environment Challenges and the Brain" @default.
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- W2509570791 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-801657-2.00005-7" @default.
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