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• W2510108966 abstract "At present, human life in Space flights and in the International Space Station (ISS) is guaranteed by a regular resupply of food. However, in order to explore deep Space with long term missions and Space habitation, resupply from Earth becomes difficult because of the high transport time, costs, mass and volume restrictions and the negative impact on the design of the spacecrafts. As a result, a maximized recovery and reuse of nutrients might become mandatory in order to produce food for these types of missions. Both physico-chemical and biological technologies, have been proposed to recover nitrogen for food production from the solid wastes (crop residues, kitchen waste, faeces) and aqueous waste streams (urine, flush water, effluent of hydroponics, wastewater from cooking and personal hygiene). Incineration and wet oxidation are two physico-chemical conversion technologies that might turn out very important for Life Support Systems for Space, however very little research has been dedicated to the fate of the nitrogen in these processes. Several biological nitrogen conversion processes are being considered in the strategy of different international Space Agencies, such as microbial hydrolysis (ammonification), ammonia and nitrite oxidation and denitrification. Very little is known about the behavior and performance of the microorganisms involved in these processes in Space conditions (micro-gravity, higher radiation levels) and the engineering of bioreactors to perform these processes in a Space environment is still in its infancy. Except for growing herbivorous animals on inedible crop residues and kitchen waste, protein production for human consumption in a Life Support System for Space typically relies on the conversion of nitrogen containing waste compounds into simple molecules such as ammonia, nitrate or urea to produce edible bacteria, yeasts, algae and higher plants. In that way, the production of N2O and NOx is considered as an inefficiency and the formation of N2 causes the need to include a nitrogen fixation step (biological or physico-chemical) as an additional process in closing the nitrogen cycle. Besides assessing and performing trade-offs between the conversion technologies for closing material cycles (water, N, P, K, trace elements, …) in Space, adequate focus is required on peripheral processes such as stabilization, storage, size reduction, homogenization, separation and hygienisation in Space conditions. Separation technologies that might be relevant in the context of aqueous nitrogen recovery are membrane filtration, crystallization, volatilization, electrodialysis, and electrochemical ammonia recovery. In this presentation, the different technologies and combinations of technologies will be reviewed to identify the gaps in knowledge and experience in closing the nitrogen cycle in Life Support Systems for Space" @default.
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• W2510108966 date "2015-01-01" @default.
• W2510108966 modified "2023-10-02" @default.
• W2510108966 title "The nitrogen cycle in Life Support Systems" @default.
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