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• W2512389675 abstract "The One Health paradigm is gaining currency among natural and social scientists, practicing health professionals and, increasingly, wider society. The concept essentially is that the health of humans, animals and also the environment are inextricably interlinked. It follows therefore that research that impacts on one of these components has the potential to influence all. The idea itself is not new. It was articulated simply and directly by Rudolf Virchow, MD, in the 19th century, who said “between animal and human medicine there are no dividing lines—nor should there be”.1 Its early application to parasitology is exemplified by the work of William Osler, who studied lungworms of dogs, and zoonotic parasites of pigs, among other subjects.2 It was Calvin Schwabe, however, who formalized the concept by coining the term “One Medicine”.3 The more modern usage of “One Health” emphasizes that this is no exclusive club of physicians and veterinarians, but has the potential for much broader interdisciplinarity, with a positive impact on the complex ecosystems of our planet. One Health thinking can be applied to a wide range of societal problems—from balancing the requirements of agriculture and food security with environmental concerns, to learning what a comparative approach can bring to resolving unsolved questions in medicine. Consideration of the seventeen Global Goals for sustainable development, formulated by the UN in 2015 (www.globalgoals.org), reveals that this approach can facilitate achievements across many of these. For example, among the objectives of the goals are to “By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality.” Similarly, the goals also include a focus on neglected tropical diseases. (“By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, waterborne diseases and other communicable diseases.”). Parasitic diseases, while of relevance worldwide, are particularly central to both a One Health approach and to the spirit of the Global Goals because of their importance in food-producing animals, wildlife populations and as causes of disease in both man and animals in the developing world. A notable example of the power of a One Health approach in parasitology is the sharing of the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2015 by Youyou Tu, Satoshi Omura and William Campbell for their work based on research of active compounds found in the environment4 (Youyou and Satoshi—artemisinin and ivermectin, respectively) and the use of a drug, developed for veterinary application, in man (Campbell—ivermectin). This Special Issue of Parasite Immunology contains five reviews taking a One Health view of parasitic infections: what we understand about their immunology, and what progress in being made in the search for new control methods (such as vaccines, breeding for resistance and sensitive ecosystem management) that will be environmentally sensitive as well as sustainable. Vanessa Ezenwa discusses “Helminth-microparasite co-infection in wildlife: lessons from ruminants, rodents and rabbits,” and demonstrates that studies in wildlife populations have unique contributions to make to understanding the dynamics of coinfection in other populations, including man and domestic animals.5 This review illustrates vividly the benefits of bridging the divide between studies of wildlife ecologists and biomedical scientists. In short, all is not as simple or as straightforward as it may seem. Una Ryan and coauthors6 discuss a One Health approach to prophylaxis of Cryptosporidium in humans and animals, and emphasize the importance of cooperation between veterinarians, physicians, public health practitioners and environmental health professionals (i.e. a One Health approach) for improved risk management and enhanced prospects for vaccination. The immunopathology of Anisakis infection, an important foodborne zoonosis, is reviewed by Natalie Nieuwenhuizen,7 emphasizing the potential for abdominal pain, granuloma formation and, with repeated infection, severe systemic allergic reactions. The hazards of occupational exposure to Anisakis allergens in fish, without oral consumption, leading in some cases to dermatitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis or asthma, are also detailed. Kristina Cwiklinski and colleagues bring a One Health perspective to the immunology of liver fluke (Fasciola spp.) infection.8 Fasciolosis is recognized as a neglected tropical zoonosis by the World Health Organisation and affects an estimated 17 million people worldwide with a further 180 million at risk of infection. Despite this, however, almost all of the work that has been carried out on the immunology of fasciolosis, and the search for a vaccine, has been aimed at improving control of the disease in livestock. Although the complexity of the parasite life cycle, large genome and a propensity for fluke-mediated immunoregulation make vaccine studies difficult, considerable progress has been made in recent years. This, too, then, may well be an area which in the future sees development in veterinary medicine leading to direct benefits for human health. Finally, a review by Sweeney and colleagues considers the prospects of using ruminant immunogenetics to selectively breed for resistance to parasites.9 The authors consider the practicality and desirability of breeding for resistance, rather than resilience/tolerance. One limitation of matching genotype to phenotype, and hence selecting for resistance, is the relatively poor annotation of ruminant genomes, to date, and especially so in the case of the ovine genome. However, the rapid rate of development of technologies, such as Chip-SEQ and TCR-Seq, may provide shortcuts to establishing selective breeding as a tool to reduce use of anthelmintics in livestock and thus to produce safer, more environmentally sustainable food. For too long, and in too many areas, discipline barriers (human medicine, veterinary medicine, wildlife, livestock, food science, etc.) have constrained who reads what in the scientific literature. Mary Christopher10 elegantly outlines the need for true progress in One Health to be accompanied by a One Literature approach. Without such a development, it is not surprising that significant knowledge gained by one discipline is often lost, only to be “rediscovered” by another at a later stage. The discipline of parasitology has provided fertile soil from which several notable One Health advances have already sprung. The reviews in this special issue have been selected to highlight areas where, already, interdisciplinary research across the One Health spectrum has been fruitful. Let us be hopeful that further significant developments, such as those exemplified by the 2015 Nobel Prize in Medicine, may flow from these efforts." @default.
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• W2512389675 title "Editorial-One Health Special Issue-Parasite Immunology" @default.
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