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• W2513019968 abstract "No more than half the cells of most higher plants photosynthesize; the cells that do so supply the remainder of the plant with organic carbon and energy, delivered via the phloem, largely in the form of sucrose. The phloem forms a continuous network that links all the living tissues of a plant, which is the distance from its upper leaves to the tips of its nethermost roots, and therefore is very large in the giant redwood, for example. The phloem ramifies within the leaf to form a network of minor veins within the photosynthetic mesophyll cells. The key components of the phloem are the sieve elements, in which transport occurs, and the closely associated companion cells: the two together form the sieve element-companion cell complex. The question at issue, which is vital for our understanding of the functioning of the plant as a whole, is: how does the sucrose produced by photosynthesis get into this complex? phloem and the mesophyll. There is also a clear indication that a relative lack of symplastic connections to the phloem is a characteristic of plants that succeed under unfavourable climatic conditions. The key inference from Gamalei's work is that the route of sieve element complex loading may vary with the species. However, these structural studies do not demonstrate function. Plasmodesmata differ widely in their size, their structure and probably their functional diameter. Demonstrating the presence of plasmodesmata does not prove that they mediate the movement of carbon into the sieve element complex. No phloem has been shown to be entirely without plasmodesmata to the surrounding cells, so we cannot eliminate symplastic For some time, there have been two hypotheses, generally seen as competing, for the pathway of sucrose transport into the sieve element complex (Fig. 1). One holds that loading of the sieve element complex occurs via the 'symplast', in other words that it is an entirely intracellular process taking place via the plasmodesmata. At their simplest, plasmodesmata are membranelined pores, 40-50mm in diameter, that interconnect most cells of the plant. In the centre of the pore is an electron-opaque strand that is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. The second hypothesis holds that sieve element loading is apoplastic, involving the movement of sucrose into the intercellular space followed by uptake into the sieve element complex via a sucrose:H + co-transport mechanism. The tacit assumption that there is only a single mechanism of sieve element loading, and the immense complexity of leaf metabolism, have defeated attempts to resolve this debate. Now, however, hope of progress has come from a combination of conventional approaches and studies using genetically engineered plants." @default.
• W2513019968 created "2016-09-16" @default.
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• W2513019968 date "1994-01-01" @default.
• W2513019968 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2513019968 title "Virtue on both sides Experiments with transgenic plants are beginning to unravel how the products of photosynthesis get into the phloem for transport throughout the living tissues of the plant." @default.
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