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- W2514652207 abstract "Judges in Pennsylvania saw the costs and benefits of protecting people from in- dustrial pollution quite differently from judges in New York and New Jersey between 1840 and 1906. Not only did they invoke balancing doctrine more than did judges in New York and New Jersey; but when costs and benefits were considered, Pennsylvania judges almost always concluded that the price of pollution abatement was too high to justify enjoining polluting industries. New York and New Jersey judges commonly did the reverse, acknowledging great social value and little cost to making businesses alleviate pollution. Judicial interpretation of the notions of cost and benefit mirrored the political, economic, and social conditions in each state, conditions that differed across time and place. Keywords: balancing doctrine, cost- benefit analysis, nuisance case law, pollution, social structure, state courts. qn 1866 James Andrews, who owned a farm in western Pennsylvania, went to court to stop the operation of a neighbor's brick factory because it was emitting smoke and acrid fumes that were severely damaging grapevines, his orchards, and other trees, shrubbery, and plants. A few years later the owner of a 40-acre rural estate in New York sought to end operation of a brick factory the smoke and foul fumes from which were damaging his grapevines, trees, and ornamental plants. Both cases went to trial, and each was appealed to its state's highest court. In the first case, Huckenstein's Ap- peal, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court overturned the trial court's decision to im- pose the injunction, depriving the plaintiff of relief from the pollution created by the brick kiln. In Campbell v. Seaman the New York Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court's decision to impose the injunction (Huckenstein's Appeal (1871); Campbell v. Seaman (1876); see Appendix I for full citations of cases). From a geographical perspective, the differences in how these two legal suits were adjudicated are at least as interesting as are the similarities. In both instances the jus- tices who issued the final decisions grappled with a dilemma of fundamental impor- tance to all industrializing societies: how best to reconcile the often-conflicting goals of environmental quality and business growth. In each case, decisions were based on balancing doctrine, a legal tenet that required consideration of the economic costs and benefits of imposing an injunction on a defendant and the placement of injunc- tions only where the benefits exceeded the costs. The judges evaluated costs and benefits in sharply-indeed, almost bizarrely-contrasting ways. Taken in the context of similar cases, the contradictory decisions illuminate how profoundly state politi- cal and economic structures shaped the judicial thinking that lay at the heart of nineteenth-century common law.'" @default.
- W2514652207 created "2016-09-16" @default.
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- W2514652207 date "2016-01-01" @default.
- W2514652207 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
- W2514652207 title "PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK, AND NEW JERSEY, 1840-1906" @default.
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