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• W2514848811 abstract "From a practical standpoint, diseases of the breast can be classified into two great groups: innocent and malignant. It seems important to recognize the mechanisms by which the benign lesions are derived and to study the relationship they bear to malignant neoplasms. The variety of changes which occur within the lobular unit of breast structure is of special interest. This unit in the resting mammary gland is composed of the terminal twig of a duct with a small cluster of follicles about it. All are surrounded by a specialized mucoid connective tissue which forms the intralobular stroma. This is sensitized to the estrogenic hormones and responds to stimulation with the epithelium. Surrounding the unit is a band of denser connective tissue, the interlobular stroma. The epithelial lining of the smaller ducts, ductals, and end pieces, as well as of the acini of functioning tissue, is a double layer of cells. The inner layer varies from cuboidal to columnar in shape, while the basal cells are often elongated and fusiform. They are supported by a well defined basement membrane. Benign Processes Breast tissue can respond to irritation or stimulation in a very limited manner. The reaction is characterized by (1) proliferation of cells (hyperplasia), (2) functional differentiation, and (3) involution. The possibility that all of the benign conditions, which masquerade under a confusing terminology, represent aberrations of this hyperplasia-involution cycle requires elucidation. The following factors seem important for an understanding of this matter. Mammary tissue may respond to stimuli as isolated units, not all the units reacting in the same degree. Hyperplasia may involve either epithelium or stroma alone, or both in combination. It may be focal, located principally in the epithelium of ducts or in the epithelium at the margins of a lobule. The two layers of cells may proliferate uniformly or may vary in their proportions. Functional differentiation is at times abnormal, and a serous, milky, or thick greasy secretion may be formed in the acini and ducts, the last especially near the nipple. Involution may be incomplete, allowing foci of unusual cellularity to persist, or it may result in dilatation of follicles in hyperplastic foci. It may be carried to an extreme, producing scars of dense hyaline devoid of epithelial elements. The structure may be further complicated by retrograde changes, as necrosis, hemorrhage, fatty metamorphosis, liquefaction, or infiltration with chronic inflammatory cells. Infection by a low-grade pyogenic organism may occur, especially in cystic zones. Since the structure of the breast is never a static one but is progressing from moment to moment, it is apparent that the number of morbid anatomical pictures resulting from the operation of these processes is almost unlimited. Fairly well defined entities, however, are recognized when a process of a particular type is viewed at a specific moment." @default.
• W2514848811 created "2016-09-16" @default.
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• W2514848811 date "1942-05-01" @default.
• W2514848811 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
• W2514848811 title "Pathology of the Breast" @default.
• W2514848811 doi "https://doi.org/10.1148/38.5.533" @default.
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