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• W2517364312 abstract "In many environmental regulation contexts, an important category of impacts from regulation is impacts on public health. These can include impacts on both rates of mortality and rates of morbidity in the affected population. Indeed, for regulations aimed at improving air or water quality, health benefits can be the dominant category of impacts in a regulatory impact analysis. For example, in a prospective costbenefit analysis of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (US EPA 1999), decreases in mortality and morbidity from improved air quality constituted over 95% of the total estimated benefit. When compared to valuation of other environmental goods such as outdoor recreation, scenic quality, wilderness, and wildlife populations, the approach typically used to value improvements in health resulting from improved environmental quality is somewhat unique, in that it relies heavily on unit values and value transfer. 1 The typical approach when valuing environmental health improvements from a proposed action is to follow the damage function approach, which is discussed in the first chapter of this volume. First, projected changes in exposure to pollutants are combined with established exposure-response relationships. This type of analysis gives predictions of how many ill health outcomes would be avoided as a result of the action. 2 These improvements in public health are then valued by multiplying the number of each type of ill health outcome avoided by a constant value specific to each outcome. 3 The focus of this chapter is on the third step in this approach, multiplication of the number of ill health outcomes to be avoided by an outcome-specific unit value per incidence. Three categories of value are generally considered: (1) the social costs of providing medical treatment to the victim of the ill health outcome; (2) lost labor productivity resulting from the ill health outcome; and (3) the pain, discomfort, and inconvenience suffered by the victim. Per-incidence estimates of the first category of these costs are assembled from hospital records, records of visits to doctors’ offices, records of prescription medication use, and surveys of victims of their out-of-pocket health care costs. Per-incidence estimates of lost productivity are usually based on the hourly wages paid to the victim, relying on the theoretical assertion that wages should reflect the marginal value of the victim’s labor to his or her employer. Estimation of the third category of value, the pain, discomfort, and inconvenience suffered by the victim, is more problematic, because there are few market prices or financial records that will reveal this value. Instead, the usual approach is to use stated preference techniques such as contingent valuation or stated choice" @default.
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• W2517364312 date "2007-01-01" @default.
• W2517364312 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2517364312 title "R. R EADY A ND S. N AVRUD" @default.
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